The correct application of total active reflection coefficient to evaluate MIMO antenna systems and its generalization to N ports

Fritz‐Andrade, Erik; Jardón‐Aguilar, H.; Tirado‐Méndez, José Alfredo

doi:10.1002/mmce.22113

Cited by 60 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…So, S‐parameters of individual antennas in the MIMO structure will not give perfect analysis. Hence, the new term known as TARC is introduced to analyze the MIMO system performance 19,20 . The parameter TARC considers the changes in the self and mutual impedances of the elements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and analysis of a novel compact spanner‐shaped ultra‐wideband antenna for MIMO systems

Addepalli

Anitha²

2021

Int J Communication

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Summary In this communication, a novel compact spanner shaped ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna is designed for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system applications. The proposed structure of size 24 × 32 mm2 (0.24λ0 × 0.32λ0, λ0 is calculated at lower band frequency) is designed and fabricated on widely available FR4 dielectric material with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The proposed structure comprises two spanner shaped antennas, a defected T‐shaped stub and a pair of small vertical strips. The defected T‐shaped stub and vertical strips are used for getting a complete UWB bandwidth and good isolation between two elements. It is performing from 3.0 to 11.0 GHz with isolation more than 20 dB in most of the operating region. The parametric studies have been done for the required parameters and figured out the surface current distribution at different resonant frequencies within the working region. The MIMO antenna diversity performance is confirmed with low values of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.005), channel capacity losses (CCL < 0.04 bits/s/Hz), acceptable mean effective gain (MEG ≤ −3 dB, MEG ratio = 0 dB), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC ≤ −10 dB) values. The peak gain values are varying from 1.5 to 6.0 dBi, and the radiation efficiency values are above 83% for the entire operating region. The simulated and measured values are well matched.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and analysis of a novel compact spanner‐shaped ultra‐wideband antenna for MIMO systems

Addepalli

Anitha²

2021

Int J Communication

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“…This figure of merit is extremely important for evaluating the performance of a MIMO antenna over a certain bandwidth. In [38], the authors demonstrate the generalization of the N -ports TARC formula and its correct application to evaluate MIMO antennas. The equation to calculate the TARC is given by Eq.…”

Section: Antenna Configuration and Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For N = 4 elements, which is the case of this work, three variables are presented: θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 . As explained in [38], θ must vary from 0 • to 360 • ; then, taking discrete values, Eq. (3) can give as many curves as desired.…”

Section: Antenna Configuration and Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband Four Elements Pifa Array for Access-Point Mimo Systems

Fritz‐Andrade¹,

Gómez‐Villanueva²,

Tirado‐Méndez³

et al. 2020

PIER C

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An antenna array formed by four PIFA elements located very close to each other, with low inter-element matching for MIMO applications is proposed. The antenna array consists of four F-inverted wideband radiators, with a fractional bandwidth around 56%, spaced one to each other by a very short distance (< 0.065λ 0) at a centre frequency of 2.55 GHz. The operational bandwidth goes from 1.88 to 3.15 GHz considering the S ii < −10 dB at each port. Moreover, the coupling among ports reaches values below S ij < −10 dB and getting values less than −30 dB at 1.8 GHz, just by employing an uncomplicated technique implemented by a neutralization line between elements. The antenna array gain goes from 2 dB to 6 dB over the operating bandwidth. Concerning MIMO figures of merit, the radiation pattern of each element is orthogonal to each other. The Envelope Correlation Coefficient is below 0.04 at the designed frequency, reaching a peak around 0.082 at 1.8 GHz, but still achieving the requirement for MIMO operation (less than 0.5). The Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) is almost convergent at the design frequency, showing low dependence on random signals at different elements, and finally, the diversity gain reaches values close to 20 dB, making the array suitable for MIMO access point applications.

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“…Electronics 2020, 9, x 12 of 17 The TARC is a measure of diversity array efficiency which involves the effects of mutual coupling [38,47,48]. The TARC can be evaluated by using Equation ( 7 The measured TARC from the reflection coefficient was less than −15.5 dB (as shown in Figure The measured apparent diversity gain for the proposed antenna, calculated using the S-parameter for all frequencies, was greater than 9.9 dB, as depicted in Table 2.…”

Section: Performance Metrics Of the Proposed Diversity Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TARC is a measure of diversity array efficiency which involves the effects of mutual coupling [38,47,48]. The TARC can be evaluated by using Equation ( 7 The measured TARC from the reflection coefficient was less than −15.5 dB (as shown in Figure 10), showing that the diversity array efficiency was not affected significantly due to the high isolation factor of the antennas in the diversity set.…”

Section: Performance Metrics Of the Proposed Diversity Antennamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Design and Analysis of Compact Super-Wideband Quad Element Chiral MIMO Array for High Data Rate Applications

et al. 2020

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This paper presents a compact, bouquet-inspired, four-element MIMO array for super wideband (SWB) applications. The proposed unit element monopole antenna has compact geometry, and it is deployed by the fusion of an elliptical and circular-shaped radiator. The convoluted geometry and semi-elliptical ground plane, along with the narrow rectangular slit defected ground structure, provides a wide impedance bandwidth. The designed unit cell has the dimensions of 32 mm × 20 mm × 0.8 mm, operates from 2.9 to 30 GHz (S11 ≤ −10 dB) and provides a bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 2894. The proposed low-profile diversity array without any decoupling structures consists of four orthogonally placed, uncorrelated antennas with an inter element spacing of 0.05 λ0, occupies an area of 57 mm × 57 mm and provides dual polarization. The performance metrics of the diversity array were validated for frequencies over ultra-wideband, using mutual coupling characteristics, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) by far-field radiation, diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The measured mutual coupling over the operating band was less than −18 dB, the ECC was less than 0.004 and the TARC was less than −15 dB, and a better CCL of ˂0.28 bits/s/Hz was achieved by the fabricated antenna.

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The correct application of total active reflection coefficient to evaluate MIMO antenna systems and its generalization to N ports

Cited by 60 publications

References 26 publications

Design and analysis of a novel compact spanner‐shaped ultra‐wideband antenna for MIMO systems

Design and analysis of a novel compact spanner‐shaped ultra‐wideband antenna for MIMO systems

Broadband Four Elements Pifa Array for Access-Point Mimo Systems

On the Design and Analysis of Compact Super-Wideband Quad Element Chiral MIMO Array for High Data Rate Applications

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