The coronavirus disease 2019: the prevalence, prognosis, and recovery from olfactory dysfunction (OD)

Ardestani, Seyed Hadi Samimi; Ardehali, Mojtaba Mohammadi; Anari, Mahtab Rabbani; Rahmaty, Benyamin; Erfanian, Reza; Akbari, Maryam; Motedayen, Zohre; Niya, Fahimeh Samimi; Aminloo, Radmehr; Farahbakhsh, Farbod; Hosseininasab, Ali; Hassanlouei, Babak; Rezaian, Naime; Mokhtari, Zahra

doi:10.1080/00016489.2020.1836397

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The prevalence of nasal blockage and rhinorrhea (11.4% and 9.2% respectively) was small, similar to that reported by other studies [ 17 ]. There are, though, studies that reported a much higher prevalence of nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Similar results have been reported by Lechien et al, who reported that, at two months, 80% of their cohort had achieved normal levels of olfactory function [ 5 ]. However other researchers have reported higher rates of early recovery (86% in a month after the onset of olfactory dysfunction) [ 17 ] or worse recovery [ 20 ]. Recently 6-month follow-up data were published on a cohort of patients who presented with a sudden loss of smell in March 2020 reporting persisting very severe and complete loss of smell in 11% of the patients [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity

Printza

Katotomichelakis

Valsamidis

et al. 2021

JCM

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A significant proportion of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 report a new onset of smell or taste loss. The duration of the chemosensory impairment and predictive factors of recovery are still unclear. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, temporal course and recovery predictors in patients who suffered from varying disease severity. Consecutive adult patients diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 via reverse-transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at two coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) Reference Hospitals were contacted to complete a survey reporting chemosensory loss, severity, timing and duration, nasal symptoms, smoking, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, comorbidities and COVID-19 severity. In a cross-sectional study, we contacted 182 patients and 150 responded. Excluding the critically ill patients, 38% reported gustatory and 41% olfactory impairment (74% severe/anosmia). Most of the patients (88%) recovered their sense of smell by two months (median: 11.5 days; IQR: 13.3). For 23%, the olfactory loss lasted longer than a month. There were no significant differences in the prevalence and duration of chemosensory loss between groups of varying COVID-19 severity, and sexes (all p > 0.05). Moderate hyposmia resolved quicker than more severe loss (p = 0.04). Smell and taste loss are highly prevalent in COVID-19. Most patients recover fast, but nearly one out of ten have not recovered in two months.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity

Printza

Katotomichelakis

Valsamidis

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…Finally, we grouped studies based on nationality of the population, with one group comprising studies carried out in the European Union or United States (n=111, 71%), and the other including investigations performed in the rest of the world (n=45, 29%). In the European Union/United States group, prevalence range for OD and GD were 0% 81 - 98% 82 and 0 81 - 89% 83 , respectively; in the rest of the world group, prevalence range for OD and GD were 1% 89 - 89% 90 and 1 89 - 87% 91 , respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review

Boscutti

Delvecchio

Pigoni

et al. 2021

Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

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Background Among Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations, Olfactory (OD) and Gustatory (GD) Dysfunctions (OGD) have drawn considerable attention, becoming a sort of hallmark of the disease. Many have speculated on the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of these disturbances; however, no definite answers have been produced on the topic. With this systematic review, we aimed to collect all the available evidence regarding the prevalence of OGD, the timing of their onset and their resolution, their rate of recovery and their role as diagnostic and prognostic tools for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods A systematic review comprising all the observational studies that reported the prevalence and/or the longitudinal trajectories of OGD in COVID-19 patients, as self-reported by patients or measured through objective psychophysical tests. Results After the selection process, 155 studies were included, with a total of 70920 patients and 105291 not-infected individuals. Prevalence reports were extremely variable across studies, with wide ranges for OD (0% - 98%) and GD (0-89%) prevalence. OGD occurred early during the disease course and only rarely preceded other symptoms; out of 30 studies with a follow-up time of at least 20 days, only in 5 studies OGD fully resolved in more than 90% of patients. OGD had low sensitivity and high specificity for SARS-CoV-2 infection; accuracy of OD and GD for infection identification was higher than 80% in 10 out of 33 studies and in 8 out of 22 studies considered, respectively. 28 out of 30 studies that studied the association between OGD and disease severity found how OGD were associated with lower rates of severe pneumonia, hospitalization and mortality. Conclusions OGD seem to be highly prevalent in SARS-CoV-2 infection. They occur early, concomitantly with other symptoms and often persist after recovery, in some cases for months; whether a full recovery eventually occurs in all cases is not clear yet. OGD are good predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with a milder disease course.

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“…However, olfactory dysfunction has only been investigated in a minor extent—compared to other aspects of COVID-19. As it has been suggested that a great majority of patients suffering from chemosensory dysfunction eventually resolve symptoms within a short period of time, [ 6 , 7 ] there is—to this day—little quantitative data available on long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on smell and taste function. This is particularly important as especially long-term chemosensory dysfunction is associated with a number of severe psychosocial disorders as decreased sexual attraction [ 8 ] and increased risk for depression [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The course of subjective and objective chemosensory dysfunction in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a 6-month follow-up

Bertlich

Stihl

Lüsebrink³

et al. 2021

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Purpose It has been established that the infection with SARS-CoV-2 may cause an impairment of chemosensory function. However, there is little data on the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on chemosensory function. Methods Twenty three SARS-CoV-2-positive patients diagnosed in spring 2020 with subjective hyposmia (out of 57 positive patients, 40.3%) were compared to SARS-CoV-2-positive patients without hyposmia (n = 19) and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients (n = 14). Chemosensory function was assessed by the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT), Taste Strips (TS), Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), and the SNOT-22. The initial cohort with hyposmia were also examined at 8 weeks and 6 months after initial examination. Results There were no differences between the SARS-CoV-2-positive cohort without hyposmia and negative controls in terms of BSIT (8.5 ± 2.6 vs. 10.2 ± 1.8), TS (3.4 ± 0.6 vs. 3.9 ± 0.3) or VAS (2.1 ± 1.3 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5); yet the SNOT-22 was significantly elevated (27.7 ± 11.2 vs. 16.4 ± 10.8). The SARS-CoV-2-positive group with hyposmia performed significantly poorer in BSIT (4.0 ± 1.7 vs. 8.5 ± 2.6/10.2 ± 1.8), TS (2.6 ± 1.3 vs. 3.4 ± 0.6/3.9 ± 0.3), and VAS (7.9 ± 2.2 vs. 2.1 ± 1.3/1.1 ± 0.5) compared to both control groups. At week 8 and month 6 control, six and five patients, respectively, still suffered from subjectively and objectively impaired chemosensory function. The other patients had recovered in both respects. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 patients with subjectively impaired chemosensory function regularly perform poorly in objective measurements. About 70% of patients suffering from olfactory dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 quickly recover—the rest still suffers from considerable impairment 6 months after infection.

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The coronavirus disease 2019: the prevalence, prognosis, and recovery from olfactory dysfunction (OD)

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity

Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review

The course of subjective and objective chemosensory dysfunction in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a 6-month follow-up

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