In
this work, SiO2 microspheres were first prepared
by a conventional Stöber method and then etched by NaOH solution
to obtain porous ones. By tuning the degree of etching, specific surface
area of SiO2 microspheres could be controlled. Then, small
fluorescent molecules are synthesized and incorporated onto the surface
and/or pores of the SiO2 via layer-by-layer reaction to
obtain fluorescent microspheres, namely, SiO2–NH2–BODIPY (SiNBB), SiO2–NH2–BODIPY–indole–benzothiazole (SiNBIT), and SiO2–NH2–BODIPY–indole–benzoxazole
(SiNBIO). The as-prepared microspheres SiNBB exhibit highly sensitive
and selective recognition ability for Hg2+ and Pb2+. When SiNBB encounters Hg2+ and Pb2+, the
fluorescence intensity of SiNBB is increased up to fivefold. SiNBIT
and SiNBIO are solely sensitive to Hg2+, and both have
a single high sensitivity to recognize Hg2+. The adsorption
efficiency of Hg2+ by the three fluorescent microspheres
SiNBB, SiNBIT, and SiNBIO reached 2.91, 0.99, and 0.98 g/g of microspheres,
respectively. Experimental results of A549 cells and zebrafish indicate
that the fluorescent microspheres are permeable to cell membranes
and organisms. The distribution of Hg2+ in the brain of
zebrafish was obtained by the fluorescence confocal imaging technique,
and Hg2+ was successfully detected in A549 cells and zebrafish.