The coordinated voltage control meets imperfect communication system

ADMM-Based Distributed OPF Problem Meets Stochastic Communication Delay

“…It contains 33 buses and 32 branches. In addition, four wind DGs (2,12,15,18) and four solar DGs (23,25,27,33) are installed in the network [36].…”

Co-simulation of an electrical distribution network and its supervision communication network

“…The performances of the former can of course be enhanced by using the additional amount of information provided by the latter [30]. Yet, recent works have shown that communication delays, inherent to the transmission of information, could also degrade dramatically the performances of a smart grid [14], [23], [31]. Hence, it is now recommended to take communication latencies into account when designing control algorithms requiring a significant share of information transmission, such as distributed energy management strategies.…”

“…Current telecommunication networks experience delays, jitter and bottlenecks. Such a dynamicity, ubiquitous in Internet networks, can greatly impact the management of smart grids as they require a guaranteed quality of service (QoS) [14], [23], [31]. Consequently, management solutions need to carefully take into account mutual impacts between the electrical network and its management telecommunication network.…”

Hybrid Communication Architectures for Distributed Smart Grid Applications

“…For example, it will be discussed below how the voltage profile of the power system with high penetration of distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) could be impacted if UDP packets were experiencing high communication delay. From the study of [20], it is concluded that the uncontrolled voltage level proportion compared with the non-time-delay results will almost linearly increase from 0 to 60% when the delay time varies from 0 to 3.0 s. By observing Figures 4a and 5a, three guidance rules for the impact of nine hybrid architectures designs on the distributed voltage control application in an NAN can be drawn as (1) regardless packet size and data rate of PV control signals, the uncontrolled voltage proportion will be less than 2% for six LoWPAN and BPLC-based hybrid designs because the average delays of six cases are less than 0.16 s; (2) for three NPLC-based hybrid designs, the uncontrolled voltage proportion will also be less than 2% when the packet size ranges from 256 to 2048 bytes along with 24 Kbps data rate, or the packet size ranges from 512 to 2048 bytes along with 48 Kbps data rate; (3) while still for three NPLC-based hybrid designs, the uncontrolled voltage will suffer up 50-60% proportion due to the delay vary from 2.5 to 3 s, when in case of 24 Kbps data rate, the packet size is set to 64 or 128 bytes, or in case of 48 Kbps data rate, the packet size ranges from 64 bytes to 256 bytes.…”

“…Following this concept, the emerging distributed applications for the Distribution System Operator (DSO) within an NAN can be categorized into the following three groups: (1) distributed distribution system state estimation and control strategies only at the NAN level, such as coordinated voltage control [20], distributed optimal dispatch of distributed RESs [21]; (2) distributed monitoring and control of customer-owned RESs and ESSs through both a NAN and multiple HANs; (3) while within a HAN, instead of the traditional demand-driven-supply approach, the supply-driven-demand mechanism must be implemented in a distributed way to allow an interactive matching of flexible load and available generation at a "correct" price by the ways such as the local power sharing, priority-based load curtailment and demand response [19]. Considering the totally different data rates (1-100 Kbps for HAN, 100 Kbps-10 Mbps for NAN) and coverage range requirements (1-100 m for HAN, 100 m-10 km for NAN) at a HAN and an NAN [6], it indicates that studying hybrid communications architectures is so important to accommodate the above distrinct distributed applications at different area networks.…”