The Conversion of Sodium Chloride to Hydrogen Chloride in the Atmosphe

Robbins, Robert C.; Cadle, R. D.; Eckhardt, Detlef

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1959)016<0053:tcosct>2.0.co;2

Cited by 153 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…To a much lesser degree, a similar trend was also observed for bromine. This apparent loss of chlorine could be indicative of an aqueous chloride + acid reaction resulting in the formation of volatile HCl as originally proposed by Robbins et al (1959). This observation is one of the indications that the enhanced sulfate forma.-tion in the Jan.-Feb. period is caused by a heterogeneous mechanism involving liquid water droplets or wet aerosol particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for heterogeneous SO2 oxidation in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Bizjak

Hudnik

Hansen

et al. 1986

Atmospheric Environment (1967)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for heterogeneous SO2 oxidation in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Bizjak

Hudnik

Hansen

et al. 1986

Atmospheric Environment (1967)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The major constituents are NH:, N0 3 , and so4, but Na+, and ca++ often account for about one third of the cations present, suggesting sea salt and soil dust contributions to the aerosol samples. Na+ usually is present in excess of Cl-, suggesting that reaction with strong acids like H 2 so 4 or HN0 3 has displaced some of the chloride from the sea salt portion of the aerosol (Martens et al, 1973; Duce, 1969;Robbins et al, 1959;Hitchcock et al, 1980). The ion balance closes closely in spite of the fact that co;, OR-and H+ concentrations were not measured.…”

Section: Trajectory Analysis Shows That the Peak Nitrate Concentratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of regional air quality model validation data for nitrate, sulfate, ammonium ion and their precursors

Russell

Cass

1984

Atmospheric Environment (1967)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An intensive field study was conducted throughout California's South Coast Air Basin to acquire air quality model validation data for use with aerosol nitrate formation models. Aerosol nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, other major ionic aerosol species, nitric acid gas and ammonia were measured concurrently at ten sites for forty-eight consecutive hours during the period August [30][31] 1982. Ozone, NO and NO were measured at all locations, and PAN was measured at Pasadena an~ Riverside, completing a nitrogen balance on the air masses studied.The product of the meas~red nitric acid and ammon~a concentrations ranged from less than 1 ppbv to greater than 300 ppbv during the experiment, providing a wide range of conditions over which comparisons can be drawn between chemical equilibrium calculations and experimental results. The ionic material in the aerosol phase was chemically more complex than is assumed by present theoretical models for the equilibrium between NH 3 , HNOa and the aerosol phase, and included . .f. f N + ++ ++ + d Cl-. dd . . NH+ s1gn1 1cant amounts o a , a , Mg , K an 1n a 1t1on to 4 , so4 and NO)· Results of the experiment showed that aerosol nitrate levels in excess of 20 ~g m-3 accumulated in near-coastal locations in the morning of August 31, followed by subsequent transport across the air basin. Trajectory analysis showed that the afternoon aerosol nitrate peak observed inland at Rubidoux near Riverside was associated with the same air mass that contained the high morning nitrate levels near the coast, indicating that description of both transport and atmospheric chemical reactions is important in understanding regional nitrate dynamics. + Mechanical Engineering Department and Environmental Quality Laboratory * Environmental Engineering Science Department and EnvironmentalQuality Laboratory IntroductionAmmonia and nitric acid vapor react to form ammonium nitrate aerosol. This is important because ammonium nitrate containing aerosols account for a significant fraction of local and regional visibility problems, particularly in Los Angeles and Denver (White and Roberts, 1977;Cass, 1979;Groblicki et al., 1981 Environmental Protection Agency (1973, 1978 et seq.). PAN was measured by electron capture gas chromatography, and NO and N0 2 were measured by chemiluminescence by researchers at the University of California at Riverside (UCR). PAN also was measured by the same principle at Caltech in Pasadena.The aerosol, nitric acid and ammonia sampling apparatus for this experiment is shown schematically in Figure 2. Aerosol nitrate and nitric acid concentrations were measured both by dual filter methods and by the denuder difference method. Gaseous ammonia was measured by a dual filter method using oxalic acid impregnated filters as a sink for NH 3 • Filter holders were of open-faced design so that any large particle nitrates would be collected. The sampling apparatus was surrounded by a bug screen and shaded by a sun shield to prevent nitrate volatilization through over-heating. Nine of the ten sa...

show abstract

“…In objection to the mechanism proposed by Erikkson, Valach (1967) suggested that the, majority of gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere was due to volcanic activity. Robbins et al (1959), based on the experiments in the laboratory, suggested the process for the conversion of sodium chloride particles to gaseous hydrogen chloride in the atmosphere by the chemical reaction with HNO3. Recently, Martens et al (1973) investigated the C1/Na ratio of the aerosols in Puerto Rico and San Francisco Bay area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The modification of sea-salt particles has been of interest in connection with the origin of gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere (Cauer, 1951;Robbins et al, 1959;Erikkson, 1960;Junge, 1963;Duce, 1969). Cauer (1959) suggested that gaseous chlorine is released from sea-salt particles in the atmosphere by the chemical reaction of chloride ion with ozone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine Deficiency in Coastal Aerosols

Okada

Ishizaka

Masuzawa

et al. 1978

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere and the water-soluble material of the aerosols collected at Owase in October 1975 were analyzed. The concentration of gaseous chlorine was found to be 3.1 µg/m3. It is found that the Cl/Na ratios inn the aerosols were always lower than that of seawater. Their mean value was 0.67. On the basis of this value, it was estimated that the amount of Cl deficiency in the aerosols was 2.1 µg/m3 which is 61% of the theoretical Cl content of sea-salt particles. The amount of Cl deficiency corresponded to the concentration of {2(So4)ex.+NO3-NH4} in the aerosols. Thus, it is suggested that the Cl deficiency is mainly due to the chemical reaction between the sea-salt particles and H2SO4 and HNO3 originated from the gaseous materials such as SO2 and No2, in the atmosphere. According to the relationship between the amount of Cl deficiency in the aerosols and the concentration of gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere, it was considered that a considerable amount of the gaseous chlorine in the coastal atmosphere at Owase was released from sea-salt particles.

show abstract

The Conversion of Sodium Chloride to Hydrogen Chloride in the Atmosphe

Cited by 153 publications

References 0 publications

Evidence for heterogeneous SO2 oxidation in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Evidence for heterogeneous SO2 oxidation in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia

Acquisition of regional air quality model validation data for nitrate, sulfate, ammonium ion and their precursors

Chlorine Deficiency in Coastal Aerosols

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About