The Conversion of Ethanolamine Containing Compounds to Choline Derivatives and Acetylcholine

Massarelli, R.; Andriamampandry, Christian; Haidar, N. E.; Andriamampandry, Margaret D.; Carrara, Maria; Sorrentino, G.; Singh, Indrapal N.; Freysz, L.; Hubsch, Alphonse; Kanfer, Julian N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02922-0_23

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…A very attractive hypothesis, which needs more studies and scientific evidence, is the second stage of procaine metabolism (remarkable from the pharmacodynamics viewpoint): the possible generation of ethanolamine from DEAE. Ethanolamine is a possible precursor in the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine), which can be converted into the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) [ 55 – 57 ].…”

Section: Procaine Pharmacokinetics and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procaine–The Controversial Geroprotector Candidate: New Insights Regarding Its Molecular and Cellular Effects

Grădinaru

Ungurianu

Margină

et al. 2021

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Since its discovery in 1905 and its employment in everyday medical practice as a local anesthetic, to its highly controversial endorsement as an “anti-aging” molecule in the sixties and seventies, procaine is part of the history of medicine and gerontoprophylaxis. Procaine can be considered a “veteran” drug due to its long-time use in clinical practice, but is also a molecule which continues to incite interest, revealing new biological and pharmacological effects within novel experimental approaches. Therefore, this review is aimed at exploring and systematizing recent data on the biochemical, cellular, and molecular mechanisms involved in the antioxidant and potential geroprotective effects of procaine, focusing on the following aspects: (1) the research state-of-the-art, through an objective examination of scientific literature within the last 30 years, describing the positive, as well as the negative reports; (2) the experimental data supporting the beneficial effects of procaine in preventing or alleviating age-related pathology; and (3) the multifactorial pathways procaine impacts oxidative stress, inflammation, atherogenesis, cerebral age-related pathology, DNA damage, and methylation. According to reviewed data, procaine displayed antioxidant and cytoprotective actions in experimental models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, lipoprotein oxidation, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation, inflammation, sepsis, intoxication, ionizing irradiation, cancer, and neurodegeneration. This analysis painted a complex pharmacological profile of procaine: a molecule that has not yet fully expressed its therapeutic potential in the treatment and prevention of aging-associated diseases. The numerous recent reports found demonstrate the rising interest in researching the multiple actions of procaine regulating key processes involved in cellular senescence. Its beneficial effects on cell/tissue functions and metabolism could designate procaine as a valuable candidate for the well-established Geroprotectors database.

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Section: Procaine Pharmacokinetics and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%