The Controversial Roles of Areca Nut: Medicine or Toxin?

Abstract

Areca nut (AN) is used for traditional herbal medicine and social activities in several countries. It was used as early as about A.D. 25-220 as a remedy. Traditionally, AN was applied for several medicinal functions. However, it was also reported to have toxicological effects. In this review article, we updated recent trends of research in addition to acquire new knowledge about AN. First, the history of AN usage from ancient years was described. Then, the chemical components of AN and their biological functions was compared; arecoline is an especially important compound in AN. AN extract has different effects caused by different components. Thus, the dual effects of AN with pharmacological and toxicological effects were summarized. Finally, we described perspectives, trends and challenges of AN. It will provide the insight of removing or modifying the toxic compounds of AN extractions for enhancing their pharmacological activity to treat several diseases in future applications.

Biological Effects and Biomedical Applications of Areca Nut and Its Extract

“…Prudent consideration is required, particularly in the usage of AN among adolescents and pregnant women [ 62 ]. In summary, while AN exhibits certain medicinal potential, caution must be exercised to mitigate potential risks [ 3 ]. Implementing appropriate preventive measures ensures maximal safety and health benefits.…”

“…In traditional Chinese medicine, kernels are commonly utilized after slicing and drying and are referred to as semen arecae. Pericarps are used as well after cooking, loosening, and drying and are referred to as pericarpium arecae [ 3 ]. AN is also processed for traditional snack purposes.…”

“…AN is widely utilized in various regions, including China, India, and other countries in South and Southeast Asia for its medicinal value [ 3 , 6 ]. The use of betel nut and its extracts as traditional Chinese medicine can be traced back to 1953 in the Chinese Handbook of Pharmacology [ 7 ], which includes 60 preparations related to AN.…”

Brief psychotic disorder related to areca nut use: a case report

“…Its’ pharmacological effects encompass a wide range of purported benefits, including its potential to alleviate gastric and intestinal diseases, depression, anxiety, liver diseases, nerve diseases, bacterial infections, and promote skin protection ( 4 ). AN has also been attributed with anthelmintic efficacy, antioxidant properties, and anti-hypoxia and anti-osteoarthritis effects ( 5 ). On the other hand, AN holds cultural and traditional significance in several countries.…”

“…With the widespread use of betel nut, more attention has been paid to its health risks. In fact, areca nut has been classified as carcinogenic to humans and has been linked to a range of detrimental health effects, including carcinogenicity, genetic and epigenetic instability, progression of sub-mucous fibrosis, oral cancer, and liver disease ( 5 ).…”