The controversial abscopal effect

Kaminski, Joseph; Shinohara, Eric T.; Summers, James Bradley; Niermann, Kenneth J.; Morimoto, Allan; Brousal, Jeffrey P.

doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2005.03.004

Cited by 206 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…74 Two mechanistic explanations have been proposed to account for the abscopal effect: the induction of cytokines, eliciting augmented tumor surveillance, tumor growth inhibition and tumoricidal effects and/or the activation of the immune system. 75 Evidence in experimental models suggests that the abscopal effect is tumor specific and is in part immune mediated and that T cells are required to mediate distant tumor inhibition induced by radiation. 76 On the other hand, there is an emerging hallmark of cancer: the ability of tumor cells to evade immune destruction.…”

Section: Radiation Induced Abscopal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiobiology of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)

Garau

2017

Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy

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a b s t r a c tRecent advances in the technology of radiotherapy have enabled the development of new therapeutic modalities that deliver radiation with very high accuracy, reduced margins and high dose conformation, allowing the reduction of healthy tissue irradiated and therefore minimizing the risk of toxicity. The next step was to increase the total tumor dose using conventional fractionation (which remains the best way to relatively radioprotect healthy tissues when large volumes are treated) or to use new fractionation schemes with greater biological effectiveness. Based on the experience gained in radiosurgery, the latter way was chosen for small and well-defined tumors in the body. Stereotactic body radiotherapy delivers high doses of radiation to small and well-defined targets in an extreme hypofractionated (and accelerated) scheme with a very high biological effectiveness obtaining very good initial clinical results in terms of local tumor control and acceptable rate of late complications.In fact, we realize a posteriori that it was not feasible to administer such biologically equivalent dose in a conventional fractionation because the treatment could last several months.So far, these new therapeutic modalities have been developed due to technologic advances in image guidance and treatment delivery but without a solid biological basis. It is the role of traditional radiobiology (and molecular radiobiology) to explain the effects of high doses of ionizing radiation on tumor and normal tissues. Only through a better understanding of how high doses of ionizing radiation act, clinicians will know exactly what we do, allowing us in the future to refine our treatments. This article attempts to describe through simple and understandable concepts the known aspects of the biological action of high doses of radiation on tumor and normal tissues, but it is clear that we need much more basic research to better understand the biology of high doses of radiation.

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Section: Radiation Induced Abscopal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiobiology of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)

Garau

2017

Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy

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“…Radiotherapy can also stimulate an immune response, as evidenced by the phenomenon known as the abscopal effect, in which unirradiated distal metastases shrink following local primary radiation (Kaminski et al, 2005). Radiotherapy increased MHC 1 peptide presentation in murine tumours and these tumours expressed neo-antigens that were recognized by CTLs.…”

Section: Cancer Therapies That Induce Tumour Cell Death Can Enhance Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the immune response to treat cancer

et al. 2010

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It is well established that the immune system has the capacity to attack malignant cells. During malignant transformation cells acquire numerous molecular and biochemical changes that render them potentially vulnerable to immune cells. Yet it is self-evident that a growing tumour has managed to evade these host defence mechanisms. The exact ways in which the immune system interacts with tumour cells and how cancers are able to escape immunological eradication have only recently started to be fully elucidated. Understanding the relationship between the tumour and the anti-tumour immune response and how this can be altered with conventional treatments and immune-targeted therapies is crucial to developing new treatments for patients with cancer. In this review, focusing on the anti-tumour T-cell response, we summarize our understanding of how tumours, cancer treatments and the immune system interact, how tumours evade the immune response and how this process could be manipulated for the benefit of patients with cancer.

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“…RT has also been shown to stimulate tumor cell release of cytokines as a response to ionizing irradiation. Cytokines are thought to elicit augmented tumor surveillance, inhibit tumor growth, and have direct tumoricidal properties [18]. Thus, it is believable that neoadjuvant radiation to the large bulk tumor can activate robust antitumor specific immune responses, which is absent after postoperative RT to the tumor bed, according to recent studies focused to relation between radiation and immune system [19,20].…”

Section: Abscopal Effects Of Radiation Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%