The control server: a computational model for real-time control tasks

Cervin, Anton; Eker, Johan

doi:10.1109/emrts.2003.1212734

Cited by 34 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A lot of work has also been done towards energy efficient CPU scheduling using Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) and energy aware task allocation ( [8], [9] and [10]). The integration of control and scheduling has been investigated by [11], [12] and [13], where extensions of real-time scheduling approaches have attempted to capture control task dynamics. Our approach is specifically focused on energy consuming control systems with a system-wide resource constraint and departs from a CPU-centric view to a PSU-centric (Power Supply Unit) resource allocation.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green scheduling: Scheduling of control systems for peak power reduction

Nghiem

Behl

Pappas

et al. 2011

2011 International Green Computing Conference and Workshops

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Heating, cooling and air quality control systems within buildings and datacenters operate independently of each other and frequently result in temporally correlated energy demand surges. As peak power prices are 200-400 times that of the nominal rate, this uncoordinated activity is both expensive and operationally inefficient. While several approaches for load shifting and model predictive control have been proposed, we present an alternative approach to fine-grained coordination of energy demand by scheduling energy consuming control systems within a constrained peak power while ensuring custom climate environments are facilitated. Unlike traditional real-time scheduling theory, where the execution time and hence the schedule are a function of the system variables only, control system execution (i.e. when energy is supplied to the system) are a function of the environmental variables and the plant dynamics. To this effect, we propose a geometric interpretation of the system dynamics, where a scheduling policy is represented as a hybrid automaton and the scheduling problem is presented as designing a hybrid automaton. Tasks are constructed by extracting the temporal parameters of the system dynamics. We provide feasibility conditions and a lazy scheduling approach to reduce the peak power for a set of control systems. The proposed model is intuitive, scalable and effective for the large class of systems whose state-time profile can be linearly approximated. Abstract-Heating, cooling and air quality control systems within buildings and datacenters operate independently of each other and frequently result in temporally correlated energy demand surges. As peak power prices are 200-400 times that of the nominal rate, this uncoordinated activity is both expensive and operationally inefficient. While several approaches for load shifting and model predictive control have been proposed, we present an alternative approach to fine-grained coordination of energy demand by scheduling energy consuming control systems within a constrained peak power while ensuring custom climate environments are facilitated. Unlike traditional real-time scheduling theory, where the execution time and hence the schedule are a function of the system variables only, control system execution (i.e. when energy is supplied to the system) are a function of the environmental variables and the plant dynamics. To this effect, we propose a geometric interpretation of the system dynamics, where a scheduling policy is represented as a hybrid automaton and the scheduling problem is presented as designing a hybrid automaton. Tasks are constructed by extracting the temporal parameters of the system dynamics. We provide feasibility conditions and a lazy scheduling approach to reduce the peak power for a set of control systems. The proposed model is intuitive, scalable and effective for the large class of systems whose state-time profile can be linearly approximated.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green scheduling: Scheduling of control systems for peak power reduction

Nghiem

Behl

Pappas

et al. 2011

2011 International Green Computing Conference and Workshops

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, the most widely used formalism has been the constant bandwidth server (CBS) first described in [Abe98]. Various adaptation methods based on CBS have been proposed [Ce03a,Cer05,Liu07,Fon10,Fon11,Kha11,Kha13]. In [Ce03a,Cer05] the authors develop the control server model for scheduling and propose an approach to schedule control tasks in order to minimize jitter and latency.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various adaptation methods based on CBS have been proposed [Ce03a,Cer05,Liu07,Fon10,Fon11,Kha11,Kha13]. In [Ce03a,Cer05] the authors develop the control server model for scheduling and propose an approach to schedule control tasks in order to minimize jitter and latency. These methods tune the scheduler parameters such that jobs are schedulable as long as the incoming load in the system is below a certain bound (less or equal to 1) and they aim at gracefully degrading the quality-of-service experienced by the user when the incoming load is above the bound.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stability of Adaptive Distributed Real-TimeSystems with Dynamic Resource Management

Rafiliu¹

2013

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T oday's embedded distributed real-time systems, are exposed to large variations in resource usage due to complex software applications, sophisticated hardware platforms, and the impact of their run-time environment. As efficiency becomes more important, the applications running on these systems are extended with on-line resource managers whose job is to adapt the system in the face of such variations. Distributed systems are often heterogeneous, meaning that the hardware platform consists of computing nodes with different performance, operating systems, and scheduling policies, linked through one or more networks using different protocols.In this thesis we explore whether resource managers used in such distributed embedded systems are stable, meaning that the system's resource usage is controlled under all possible run-time scenarios. Stability implies a bounded worst-case behavior of the system and can be linked with classic real-time systems' properties such as bounded response times for the software applications. In the case of distributed systems, the stability problem is particularly hard because software applications distributed over the different resources generate complex, cyclic dependencies between the resources, that need to be taken into account. In this thesis we develop a detailed mathematical model of an adaptive, distributed real-time system and we derive conditions that, if satisfied, guarantee its stability. vii viii Popupärvetenskaplig sammanfattning V iär omgivna av ett ständigtökande antal inbyggda datorsystem. De finns exempelvis i våra bilar, telefoner, fotokameror och tvättmaskiner. Vår förväntningär att dessa produkter ska vara säkra, effektiva samt hålla hög kvalitet på de tjänster de tillhandahåller. Detta innebär bland annat att de datorsystem som finns inbyggda i våra bilar inte får leda till att passagerare skadas eller i värsta fall mister sina liv. Av en telefon förväntar vi oss lång batteritidäven om vi använder dessa dagligen för att prata och skicka SMS, lyssna på musik, ta bilder, läsa nyheter och skicka e-post. Vi förväntar oss samtidigt att de tjänster och funktioner som finns i våra mobiltelefoner håller hög kvalitet. Alla våra krav och förväntningar kan endast uppfyllas om systemens inbyggda resurser används på ett effektivt sätt. Exempel på sådana resurserär processorer, minnen, batterier och kommunikationsmedier.I denna avhandling beskrivs hur resurser i inbyggda datorsystem bör användas och kontrolleras för att optimera dess tjänster. Vidare tas hänsyn till att ett modernt system har stora variationer i resursanvändning. Detta beror delvis på att det mångfald av tjänster som finns i dagens moderna datorsystem i allra högsta grad består av komplex programvara. Detta beroräven på den komplicerade och sofistikerade hårdvara som behövs för att stödja all inbyggd programvara ix x samt påverkan från systemets omgivning.För att kunna förlita oss på dessa inbyggda systemär det nödvändigt att studera huruvida dess resurshanterareär stabila. Denna avhandling presenterar ...

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“…Among other component-based modeling frameworks are BIP [3] and Ptolemy II [5]. BIP provides an algebraic formalization of connectors, wherein atomic components are modeled as a set of transitions.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinating Object Oriented Components Using Data-Flow Networks

Jaghoori

2008

Formal Methods for Components and Objects

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Abstract. We propose a framework for component-based modeling of distributed systems. It provides separation of concerns between computation (in object oriented components), coordination (via connectors) and dynamic reconfiguration (by the network manager). This framework builds upon the object oriented modeling language Creol for modeling the components, and uses the ideas of Reo for exogenous coordination using data-flow networks.

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The control server: a computational model for real-time control tasks

Cited by 34 publications

References 21 publications

Green scheduling: Scheduling of control systems for peak power reduction

Green scheduling: Scheduling of control systems for peak power reduction

Stability of Adaptive Distributed Real-TimeSystems with Dynamic Resource Management

Coordinating Object Oriented Components Using Data-Flow Networks

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