The control of the production of lactate and ethanol by higher plants

Davies, Daniel; Grégo, S.; Kenworthy, P.

doi:10.1007/bf00385580

Cited by 183 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Lactic fermentation then, seems to be limited to a certain level of activity. This is perhaps due to a regulation of a pH stat in the cell (Davies, Grego and Kenworthy, 1974). Thus, it appears that ethanol is the more favoured end-product of glycolysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermentation Rates and Ethanol Accumulation in Relation to Flooding Tolerance in Rhizomes of Monocotyledonous Species

1984

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Fermentation capacity as measured by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were estimated together with ethanol and lactate accumulation over a period of 15 d anoxia in rhizomes of six monocotyledonous species. With the exception of Iris germanica all the species were characteristic wetland plants.Under anoxia an accumulation of ethanol took place in all species. Lactic fermentation was found to be of less importance in every case. The amount of ethanol accumulated depended on the ability of the rhizome to eliminate it from its tissues. Despite great variations in fermentative capacity as seen in the ADH measurements the wetland species did not accumulate ethanol to concentrations greater than 30 /imol g~' fresh weight. This represented a plateau above which the ethanol concentration did not rise even with continued anaerobic incubation. No such plateau of ethanol accumulation was found in the dryland species Iris germanica which accumulated ethanol steadily reaching concentrations of 70/imol g"' fresh weight.If ethanol is toxic to higher plant tissues then the steady state condition of low ethanol accumulation found in wetland species will minimize this danger.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermentation Rates and Ethanol Accumulation in Relation to Flooding Tolerance in Rhizomes of Monocotyledonous Species

1984

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“…4). On (4)(5) ,uEq g-' h-') due to unbalanced ion uptake (6), does not change cytoplasmic or vacuolar "P chemical shifts (Figs. 2-4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Cytoplasmic and Vacuolar pH in Maize Root Tips under Different Experimental Conditions

Roberts

Wemmer²,

Ray³

et al. 1982

Plant Physiol.

118

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"P-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of perfused maize (Zea mays L., hybrid WW x Br 38) root tips, obtained at 10-minute intervals over 12 hours or longer, indicate that no cytoplasmic or vacuolar pH changes occur in these cells in the presence of 25 millimolar K2SO4, which induces extrusion of 4 to 5 microequivalents H+ per gram per hour. In contrast, hypoxia causes cytoplasmic acidification (0.3-0.6 pH unit) without a detectable change in vacuolar pH. The cytoplasm quickly returns to its original pH on reoxygenation. Dilute NH40H increases the vacuolar pH more than it does the cytoplasmic pH; after NH40H is removed, the vacuole recovers its original pH more slowly than does the cytoplasm. The results indicate that regulation of cytoplasmic pH and that of vacuolar pH in plant cells are separate processes.There is much current interest in intracellular pH and its regulation in plants (22). The investigation of this subject has been hindered by the lack of suitable methods for measuring the pH of the two major intracellular compartments, the cytoplasm and vacuole (22). The most widely used method, using the weik acid ['4C]5,5,dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (7,15,16,24), is indirect and fraught with complications (e.g. Kurkdjian et al. [7][8][9][10]). Other methods of intracellular pH measurement, such as those using dyes, microelectrodes (22), and methylamine (9)

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“…Among the metabolic responses of plant roots to anaerobic stress is the rapid and transient induction of lactic acid fermentation followed by a switch to a sustained ethanolic fermentation (the Davies-Roberts hypothesis (46,47)). This shift to the non-acid-producing ethanolic fermentation pathway is proposed to prevent over-acidification of the cytosolic compartment by excess production of lactic acid (47,48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis NIP2;1, a Major Intrinsic Protein Transporter of Lactic Acid Induced by Anoxic Stress

Choi

Roberts

2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

161

128

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Nodulin 26 intrinsic proteins (NIPs) are plant-specific, highly conserved water and solute transport proteins with structural and functional homology to soybean nodulin 26. Arabidopsis thaliana contains nine NIP genes. In this study, it is shown that one of these, AtNIP2;1, is exquisitely sensitive to water logging and anoxia stress. Based on quantitative PCR and promoter::GUS experiments, AtNIP2;1 is expressed at a low basal level in the root tips and the vascular bundle of differentiated roots. Transcript levels are elevated acutely and rapidly upon water logging of root or leaf tissues, increasing 70-fold in roots within the 1st h of submersion. After this large initial increase, mRNA levels decline to steady state levels that remain over 10-fold higher by 6 h post-submersion. An even greater induction of AtNIP2;1 expression was observed upon anoxia challenge of Arabidopsis seedlings, with a 300-fold increase in AtNIP2;1 transcript observed by 2 h after the initiation of oxygen deprivation. Functional analysis of AtNIP2;1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes shows that the protein differs from soybean nodulin 26, showing minimal water and glycerol transport. Instead, AtNIP2;1 displays transport of lactic acid, with a preference for the protonated acidic form of this weak acid. Overall, the data suggest that AtNIP2;1 is an anaerobic-induced gene that encodes a lactic acid transporter and may play a role in adaptation to lactic fermentation under anaerobic stress.Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) 2 are an ancient integral membrane channel protein family of water and uncharged solute transporters that have been found in nearly all living organisms. MIPs are especially prevalent and diverse in higher plants and have been classified into four monophyletic groups as follows: the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), the tonoplast intrinsic proteins, the nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), and the small basic intrinsic proteins (1).NIPs are named for soybean nodulin 26 (Nod26) (2), which is the major protein component of the symbiosome membrane from nitrogen-fixing soybean root nodules (3, 4). Functional analyses indicate that Nod26 is an aquaglyceroporin with a low intrinsic water permeability and the ability to transport uncharged metabolites such as glycerol (4, 5) and has also been implicated in ammonia transport (6). It has become clear that NIPs represent a large, diverse family of aquaglyceroporins, with multiple members found in every sequenced higher plant genome (1,7,8). For example, among the 35 MIP genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (1), there are nine members of the NIP subfamily. Based on molecular modeling of the pore selectivity sequences, these nine NIPs are subdivided into the following two groups: NIP subgroup I proteins are encoded by NIP1;1, NIP1;2, NIP2;1, NIP3;1, NIP4;1, and NIP4;2, and NIP subgroup II proteins are encoded by NIP5;1, NIP6;1, and NIP7;1 (9).Analysis of NIP subgroup I proteins shows that they are more similar to soybean nodulin 26 in structure and function, with several showing aqu...

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The control of the production of lactate and ethanol by higher plants

Cited by 183 publications

References 17 publications

Fermentation Rates and Ethanol Accumulation in Relation to Flooding Tolerance in Rhizomes of Monocotyledonous Species

Fermentation Rates and Ethanol Accumulation in Relation to Flooding Tolerance in Rhizomes of Monocotyledonous Species

Regulation of Cytoplasmic and Vacuolar pH in Maize Root Tips under Different Experimental Conditions

Arabidopsis NIP2;1, a Major Intrinsic Protein Transporter of Lactic Acid Induced by Anoxic Stress

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