The Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiota to the Celiac Disease Pathogenesis along with the Effectiveness of Probiotic Therapy

Abstract

The development of many human disorders, including celiac disease (CD), is thought to be influenced by the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and its metabolites, according to current research. This study’s goal was to provide a concise summary of the information on the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to the CD pathogenesis, which was actively addressed while examining the reported pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). We assumed that a change in gluten tolerance is formed under the influence of a number of different factors, including genetic predisposition and environmental factors. In related investigations, researchers have paid increasing attention to the study of disturbances in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its functional activity in CD. A key finding of our review is that the intestinal microbiota has gluten-degrading properties, which, in turn, may have a protective effect on the development of CD. The intestinal microbiota contributes to maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, preventing the formation of a “leaky” intestine. On the contrary, a change in the composition of the microbiota can act as a significant link in the pathogenesis of gluten intolerance and exacerbate the course of the disease. The possibility of modulating the composition of the microbiota by prescribing probiotic preparations is being considered. The effectiveness of the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria in experimental and clinical studies as a preventive and therapeutic agent has been documented.

Integrated Analysis of the Transcriptome and Microbial Diversity in the Intestine of Miniature Pig Obesity Model

“…Therefore, transcriptomics has been widely applied in the search for therapeutic targets for diseases. Meanwhile, the changes in intestinal bacterial communities affect the pathogenesis of the disease [ 9 ]. There exists a complex association between gut microbiota and obesity [ 10 ].…”

Reducing Immunoreactivity of Gluten Peptides by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria for Dietary Management of Gluten-Related Diseases

“…Prolamines consist of multiple glutamine residues linked to prolines, making their structure highly complex and resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes present in Nutrients 2024, 16, 976 2 of 15 the human stomach and intestine [3]. Among gluten proteins, the α-gliadin fraction is the most immunopathogenic; after its digestion, the largest number of immunogenic peptides rich in proline and glutamine are obtained [4].…”

“…Such strains can be included in bread starter formulations [14] or applied as oral probiotics [15]. The main purpose of using probiotic bacteria for flour fermentation is to produce foods low in immunoreactive gluten peptides [14], while the oral administration of probiotics has multidirectional effects [16]. On the one hand, endopeptidase-containing bacterial strains may assist in the digestion of accidentally ingested gluten by CD patients; on the other hand, probiotics may have beneficial effects on modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, as well as activating anti-inflammatory immune processes in the intestine or strengthening the intestinal barrier [15,16].…”

“…The main purpose of using probiotic bacteria for flour fermentation is to produce foods low in immunoreactive gluten peptides [14], while the oral administration of probiotics has multidirectional effects [16]. On the one hand, endopeptidase-containing bacterial strains may assist in the digestion of accidentally ingested gluten by CD patients; on the other hand, probiotics may have beneficial effects on modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, as well as activating anti-inflammatory immune processes in the intestine or strengthening the intestinal barrier [15,16]. Abnormalities in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been described in CD patients (also in children at risk before the development of CD)-in general, the percentage of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increases, while the content of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Streptococcus thermophilus decreases [16,17].…”

“…On the one hand, endopeptidase-containing bacterial strains may assist in the digestion of accidentally ingested gluten by CD patients; on the other hand, probiotics may have beneficial effects on modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, as well as activating anti-inflammatory immune processes in the intestine or strengthening the intestinal barrier [15,16]. Abnormalities in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been described in CD patients (also in children at risk before the development of CD)-in general, the percentage of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria increases, while the content of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Streptococcus thermophilus decreases [16,17]. Thus, orally administered probiotics could support dietary treatment by hydrolyzing immunoreactive peptides, as well as activating the health-promoting functions of the microbiome, which is also the case in other diseases [18].…”