The Contribution of Sustainable Tourism to Economic Growth and Employment in Pakistan

Abstract

In the global economy, tourism is one of the most noticeable and growing sectors. This sector plays an important role in boosting a nation’s economy. An increase in tourism flow can bring positive economic outcomes to the nations, especially in gross domestic product (GDP) and employment opportunities. In South Asian countries, the tourism industry is an engine of economic development and GDP growth. This study investigates the impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth and employment. The period under study was from 1990 to 2015. To check whether the variables under study were stationary, augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron unit root tests were applied. A regression technique and Johansen cointegration approach were employed for the analysis of data. The key finding of this study shows that there is a positive and significant impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth as well as employment sector and there is also a long-run relationship among the variables under study. This study suggests that legislators should focus on the policies with special emphasis on the promotion of tourism due to its great potential throughout the country. Policy implications of this recent study and future research suggestions are also mentioned.

Relationships among Country Image, Tour Motivations, Tour Quality, Tour Satisfaction, and Attitudinal Loyalty: The Case of Chinese Travelers to Korea

“…Therefore, it is normal that a guest with a positive tour quality and generally positive image as an overall impression of the cognitive and the emotional image would be likely to return to the destination and endorse it to other people. The tourist satisfaction brings about larger quantities of fulfilled tourists returning to and endorsing more destinations [10], which thus advances the sustainable improvement of tourism, especially in management and advertising [96][97][98].…”

The Antecedents and Consequences of Travelers’ Well-Being Perceptions: Focusing on Chinese Tourist Shopping at a Duty Free

“…The results of SEM analysis supported 9 of 10 hypotheses at a significance level of <0.05. Moreover, the t-values are also provided in Table 5 for better significance justification and these values should be greater than 1.96 [108] (see Table 5 and Figure 2). Goodness-of-fit statistics: χ 2 = 783.088, df = 398, χ 2 /df = 1.968, p < 0.001, NFI = 0.953, IFI = 0.976, CFI = 0.976, TLI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.036…”

The Positive Impacts of Exhibition-Driven Tourism on Sustainable Tourism, Economics, and Population: The Case of the Echigo–Tsumari Art Triennale in Japan

“…Third, as per the report of the WTO (World Tourism Organization) in 2018, international tourists spent $1.3 billion per day and a total of $462 billion in the year 2001 alone [35]. The cultural amenities of a destination, such as museums, monuments, and art exhibitions, provide some of the main attractions for cultural tourists.…”

“…Second, sustainable economic growth involves economic development that attempts to satisfy the needs of humans but in a manner that sustains natural resources and the environment for future generations [11,35]. Vasylieva et al [41] investigated the relationships between the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.…”

“…Hwang et al [79] used descriptive statistics to study wellbeing perception and its outcomes in the context of elderly tourism. Other scholars have used descriptive statistics to study the relationship between sustainability and tourism [35,80], while others have used descriptive statistics to study the relationship between economics and tourism [29,33,81]. Shentema et al [82] used descriptive statistics and Pearson regression for their statistical analyses.…”