The contribution of stimulating multiple body parts simultaneously to the illusion of owning an entire artificial body

O'Kane, Sophie Helena; Ehrsson, H. Henrik

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233243

Cited by 21 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…The differences between body parts and the whole body have been examined, and neuroimaging studies examining their visual representation have shown that information about body parts and the whole body are represented in separate neural bases ( Taylor et al, 2007 ; Brandman and Yovel, 2016 ). The RHI and FBI also differ in terms of the onset time of the illusions: in the RHI, the onset time is less than 15 s ( Lloyd, 2007 ), whereas in the FBI, the onset time is 28 s—a difference of about 10 s ( O’Kane and Ehrsson, 2021 ). Although the reason for this difference has not yet been clearly examined, it is possible that the larger the target of the manipulated sense of body ownership, the longer it takes for the illusion to be generated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top-Down Influence Leads to a Reduced Sense of Body Ownership in Individuals With Depersonalization Tendencies: A Focus on Full Body Illusion

Yamamoto

Nakao

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Sense of body ownership, that is, the feeling that “my body belongs to me,” has been examined by both the rubber hand illusion (RHI) and full body illusion (FBI). In a study that examined the relationship between RHI and depersonalization, a symptom in which people experience a lower sense of body ownership, people with a high depersonalization tendency experienced RHI through the bottom-up process of visual-tactile integration. Why is it that people with depersonalization feel a lower sense of body ownership over their bodies? Case studies of depersonalization suggest that the top-down cognition in people with depersonalization may make them less likely to feel a sense of body ownership. However, the top-down influence on the sense of body ownership in depersonalization has not yet been experimentally demonstrated. By incorporating top-down manipulation (e.g., instructing participants to regard a fake body as their own) into the FBI procedure, we aimed to clarify the cause of the reduced sense of body ownership in people with a high depersonalization tendency. The FBI procedure was conducted in a virtual reality environment using an avatar as a fake body. The avatar was presented from a third-person perspective, and visual-tactile stimuli were presented to create an illusion. To examine the degree of illusion, we measured the skin conductance responses to the fear stimulus presented after the visual-tactile stimuli presentation. The degree of depersonalization was measured using the Japanese version of the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale. To manipulate the top-down influence, we provided self-association instructions before the presentation of the visual-tactile stimuli. We predicted that the higher the degree of depersonalization, the lower the degree of illusion in the self-association instruction. The results showed that participants with a higher depersonalization tendency had a lower degree of illusion (rho = −0.424, p = 0.035) in the self-association condition. This indicates that in people with a high depersonalization tendency, top-down cognition of the body as their own leads to a decrease in the sense of body ownership.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top-Down Influence Leads to a Reduced Sense of Body Ownership in Individuals With Depersonalization Tendencies: A Focus on Full Body Illusion

Yamamoto

Nakao

2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…The recordings from the left and right cameras were placed next to one another on the HMD screen (1920 x 1080 pixels) such that footage from the left camera was sent to the left half of the screen and footage from the right camera was sent to the right half of the screen. Throughout each video, a white Styrofoam ball (6.5 cm in diameter) attached to a wooden stick (1 m long) repeatedly stroked the mannequin’s torso from the sternum to the belly button in a downwards direction every 2 seconds for 40 seconds total ( O'Kane and Ehrsson, 2021 ). Each stroke lasted approximately 1 second.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual illusion of body-ownership within an immersive realistic environment enhances memory accuracy and re-experiencing

Iriye

Ehrsson

2022

iScience

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Summary Our bodies provide a necessary scaffold for memories of past events. Yet, we are just beginning to understand how feelings of one's own body during the encoding of realistic events shape memory. Participants formed memories for immersive, lifelike events by watching pre-recorded 3D videos that involved a first-person view of a mannequin's body through head mounted displays. We manipulated feelings of body ownership over the mannequin using a perceptual full-body illusion. Participants completed cued recall questions and subjective ratings (i.e., degree of reliving, emotional intensity, vividness, and belief in memory accuracy) for each video immediately following encoding and one week later. Sensing the mannequin's body as one's own during encoding enhanced the following factors: memory accuracy across testing points, immediate reliving, delayed emotional intensity, vividness, and belief in memory accuracy. These findings demonstrate that a basic sense of bodily selfhood provides a crucial foundation for the accurate reliving of the past.

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“…Some allowed finger movements of the rubber hand (e.g., Kalckert and Ehrsson, 2012), which adds the possibility to test for agency. Currently, more studies on embodiment are run in VR (e.g., Kilteni et al, 2012b;O'Kane and Ehrsson, 2021), thereby providing more flexibility and the opportunity to test conditions where the position of the virtual and the real arm overlap (c.f., Ma et al, 2021), which was impossible with the original RHI setup.…”

Section: Previous Work On Embodiment and Presence Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why we Should Rethink Our Approach to Embodiment and Presence

Forster

Karimpur

Fiehler

2022

Front. Virtual Real.

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When interacting with objects in the environment, it feels natural to have a body which moves in accordance to our intentions. Virtual reality (VR) provides a tool to present users with an alternative virtual body and environment. In VR, humans embody the presented virtual body and feel present in the virtual environment. Thus, embodiment and presence frequently co-occur and share some communalities. Nevertheless, both processes have been hardly considered together. Here, we review the current literature on embodiment and presence and present a new conceptual framework, the Implied Body Framework (IBF), which unifies both processes into one single construct. The IBF can be used to generate new hypotheses to further improve the theoretical conceptualisation of embodiment and presence and thus, facilitate its transfer into application.

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The contribution of stimulating multiple body parts simultaneously to the illusion of owning an entire artificial body

Cited by 21 publications

References 83 publications

Top-Down Influence Leads to a Reduced Sense of Body Ownership in Individuals With Depersonalization Tendencies: A Focus on Full Body Illusion

Top-Down Influence Leads to a Reduced Sense of Body Ownership in Individuals With Depersonalization Tendencies: A Focus on Full Body Illusion

Perceptual illusion of body-ownership within an immersive realistic environment enhances memory accuracy and re-experiencing

Why we Should Rethink Our Approach to Embodiment and Presence

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