The Contribution of Smoking and Exposure to Tobacco Smoke to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Carriage in Children and Their Mothers

Greenberg, David; Givon-Lavi, Noga; Broides, Arnon; Blancovich, Irena; Peled, Nechama; Dagan, Ron

doi:10.1086/500935

Cited by 127 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Also, physiological and lifestyle risk factors for pneumococcal infections, such as coronary artery disease, alcoholism, history of smoking, and smoking-related lung diseases (3,18,22,43), which are more common in men than women, may play an important role. Smoking at all ages is associated with more numerous pneumococcal infections (26) and a higher carrier rate for pneumococci (13), which may in turn result in increased concentrations of antipneumococcal antibodies among smokers, as suggested by our preliminary data (data not shown).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 57%

Effects of Ageing and Gender on Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides and Virulence-Associated Proteins

Simell

Lahdenkari

Reunanen

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Elderly individuals are susceptible to pneumococcal infections. Although factors contributing to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to bacterial infections may be several, compromised immune function, a consequence of normal human ageing, is widely accepted to play a role. We evaluated the effect of ageing on the concentrations of naturally acquired antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PPS) and protein antigens. The concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to the PPS of serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, and 23F and IgG antibodies to the pneumococcal virulence-associated proteins CbpA, LytC, PhtD and its C-terminal fragment (PhtD C), NanA, PspA fam1, and PspA fam2 were measured by enzyme immunoassay in the sera of younger (30 to 64 years of age) and elderly (65 to 97 years of age) adults. The concentrations of anti-PPS IgG against serotypes 3 and 6B, of anti-PPS IgM against serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, and 23F, and of anti-protein IgG against all tested antigens were significantly lower in the elderly than in younger adults. A stronger decline in anti-PPS antibody concentrations was seen with age in women compared to men, while anti-protein antibody concentrations were mainly similar between the genders. Age, gender, and the nature of the antigen have substantial and varying effects on the antibody concentrations in the sera of adults.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 57%

Effects of Ageing and Gender on Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides and Virulence-Associated Proteins

Simell

Lahdenkari

Reunanen

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Moreover, there are multiple reports that secondhand smoke increases the incidence of nasal pneumococcal colonization in children (29)(30)(31), further emphasizing the need for additional mechanistic studies (6). In the current study, we sought to establish a mouse model of nasal pneumococcal colonization and cigarette smoke exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoke Attenuates the Nasal Host Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Predisposes to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Mice

et al. 2016

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of invasive bacterial infections, with nasal colonization an important first step in disease. While cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This is partly due to a lack of clinically relevant animal models investigating nasal pneumococcal colonization in the context of cigarette smoke exposure. We present a model of nasal pneumococcal colonization in cigarette smoke-exposed mice and document, for the first time, that cigarette smoke predisposes to invasive pneumococcal infection and mortality in an animal model. Cigarette smoke increased the risk of bacteremia and meningitis without prior lung infection. Mechanistically, deficiency in interleukin 1␣ (IL-1␣) or platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), an important host receptor thought to bind and facilitate pneumococcal invasiveness, did not rescue cigarette smoke-exposed mice from invasive pneumococcal disease. Importantly, we observed cigarette smoke to attenuate nasal inflammatory mediator expression, particularly that of neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, normally elicited by pneumococcal colonization. Smoking cessation during nasal pneumococcal colonization rescued nasal neutrophil recruitment and prevented invasive disease in mice. We propose that cigarette smoke predisposes to invasive pneumococcal disease by suppressing inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract. Given that smoking prevalence remains high worldwide, these findings are relevant to the continued efforts to reduce the invasive pneumococcal disease burden.

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“…The differences in carriage rates could be attributed to overcrowding, bigger families and possibly other factors more common in the Bedouin population. 12,38 Similarly, the more impressive vaccine impact observed in the Bedouin population may suggest a faster achievement of herd protection in overcrowded populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Pneumococcal NP carriage rates vary in different settings worldwide. [8][9][10] This variation may derive, at least in part, from demographic, ethnical and cultural differences, with higher carriage rates observed in populations suffering from poverty, over-crowding, exposure to smoking and poor hygienic conditions, [10][11][12] as well as history of breast feeding, day-care center attendance and antibiotic treatment at the individual and societal levels. 7 The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) to the national immunization plans (NIP) worldwide resulted in substantial rate reductions of various pneumococcal disease end-points, including invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), 13,14 pneumonia, [15][16][17][18] and otitis media, 3 including unvaccinated age groups and individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children <5 years of age visiting the pediatric emergency room in relation to PCV7 and PCV13 introduction in southern Israel

Ben‐Shimol

Givon-Lavi

Greenberg

et al. 2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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The 7-valent and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13, respectively) were introduced to the Israeli National Immunization plan in July 2009 and November 2010, respectively. Our aim was to assess pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) uptake and dynamics in serotype-specific pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in children <5 years old in southern Israel, during the immediate 5 y following PCV introduction. This was an ongoing, prospective, population-based, active surveillance, from July 2009 through December 2014. PCVs uptake and NP cultures were obtained daily from children seen at the Pediatric Emergency Room for any reason. Overall, 10,702 vaccine status and 7,610 NP swabs were obtained. Both PCV7 and PCV13 uptake were high, reaching~90% by July 2012 and December 2013, respectively. All-pneumococcal carriage rates significantly declined by 10%, from 54.3% in the early-PCV7 period, to 49.1% in the PCV13 impact period. The respective declines for PCV7, 6A and additional PCV13 serotypes carriage rates were 76%, 90% and 66%. In contrast, non-PCV13 serotypes carriage rates increased significantly throughout the study by 71%. All-pneumococcal carriage rates in children <12 months old decreased significantly by 15%, with similar trends observed in other age groups. Initially, all-pneumococcal carriage rates were 45.7%, and 61.9% in Jewish and Bedouin children, respectively (P < 0.001), with a significant 17% reduction throughout the study observed only in Bedouins. While early carriage rates were higher in unvaccinated children compared to vaccinated children, PCV impact on carriage were similar in both groups. In conclusion, a relatively moderate decline in pneumococcal carriage rates, facilitated by a substantial decrease of vaccine-serotypes and increase of non-vaccine serotypes was observed in the immediate period following PCVs introduction in southern Israel.

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The Contribution of Smoking and Exposure to Tobacco Smoke to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Carriage in Children and Their Mothers

Cited by 127 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of Ageing and Gender on Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides and Virulence-Associated Proteins

Effects of Ageing and Gender on Naturally Acquired Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides and Virulence-Associated Proteins

Cigarette Smoke Attenuates the Nasal Host Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Predisposes to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Mice

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children <5 years of age visiting the pediatric emergency room in relation to PCV7 and PCV13 introduction in southern Israel

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