The contribution of particulate matter to respiratory allergy

Abstract

Background: Air pollution contributes to an estimated six million deaths per year. Epidemiological and experimental studies show an association between air pollutant exposure and respiratory allergy. Objective:We aimed to write a narrative review of the epidemiology of air pollution-related respiratory-related allergic disorders (including asthma and allergic rhinitis) and the effects of air pollutants -with an emphasis on the particulate matter -on respiratory allergy-related health.Methods: PubMed Medline was searched, and representative epidemiologic and controlled-exposure studies were selected by using terms for air pollutants, particulate matter, and respiratory allergy including asthma and allergic rhinitis.Results: Epidemiological studies showed methodologic heterogeneity, including variability in study populations, geographical regions, types and sources of pollutants, methods for exposure estimation, approaches to controlling for confounding, and case definitions. This heterogeneity affected measures of association between studies. There is strong evidence to support an association between exposure to particulate matter and asthmatic exacerbations. Although data are inconclusive, several studies suggest exposure to particulate matter contributes to the development of asthma, allergic sensitization, and allergic rhinitis. Experimental studies, such as controlled-exposure studies, support a causal association between particulate matter and adverse health effects.Conclusions: Particulate matter exposure can exacerbate pre-existing asthma and may contribute to developing asthma, allergic rhinitis, and aeroallergen sensitization. Short-term and long-term strategies are needed to reduce disease severity and prevent new-onset disease development. Additional research is needed to identify effective avoidance strategies and therapeutic approaches.

Poria cocos Modulates Th1/Th2 Response and Attenuates Airway Inflammation in an Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mouse Allergic Asthma Model

“…Possible reasons for the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases globally may be at least in part attributable to environmental changes or impacts, such as air pollution and climate change caused by urbanization and industrialization. Growing evidence shows that atmospheric particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter, known as PM2.5, may lead to allergic disorders such as airway inflammation and asthma [ 39 , 40 ]. All allergic diseases result from adysregulated or imbalanced immune response, mainly a Th2-mediated immune response, to harmless environmental substances, implying that immune system modulation may also facilitate other allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis and food allergy.…”

External Environmental Pollution as a Risk Factor for Asthma

“…PMs may cause damage related to its chemical properties, structure, surface, and composition [13]. Figure 1 illustrates the main air pollutants according to some physical properties [29].…”

“…Classification of air pollutants according to some physical properties (modified from Sompornrattanaphan et al[29])…”

Pentingnya Pengendalian Udara Lingkungan Untuk Pencegahan Transmisi SARS CoV2

“…Partikel yang dapat masuk ke saluran napas bawah dapat dibagi menjadi partikel kasar dengan ukuran 2.5-10 µm, partikel halus (< 2,5 µm), dan sangat halus (<0.1 µm). 16 Perlu diingat dengan batasan 5 µm, maka baik aerosol ataupun droplet bisa masuk ke saluran napas bawah. Dengan sendirinya partikel yang lebih besar dari 10 µm akan tersaring di saluran napas atas dan membentuk sedimentasi di area tersebut.…”