2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.10.011
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The contribution of immune infiltrates and the local microenvironment in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma

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Cited by 174 publications
(197 citation statements)
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“…The key questions to answer in this context in OS include: What is known currently about the tumor immune profile? [74][75][76] Further, expression of PD-1 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and its ligand PD-L1 on tumor cells has been shown both in primary OS tumors as well as lung metastases, suggesting that this pathway might play a role in tumor microenvironment. Do OS primary and/or metastatic tumors have the right milieu for immune therapies to be effective?…”
Section: Intentmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The key questions to answer in this context in OS include: What is known currently about the tumor immune profile? [74][75][76] Further, expression of PD-1 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and its ligand PD-L1 on tumor cells has been shown both in primary OS tumors as well as lung metastases, suggesting that this pathway might play a role in tumor microenvironment. Do OS primary and/or metastatic tumors have the right milieu for immune therapies to be effective?…”
Section: Intentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several studies suggest that infiltration of tumors with cytotoxic T cells as well as tumor-associated macrophages predicts improved survival in patients with OS. [74][75][76] Further, expression of PD-1 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and its ligand PD-L1 on tumor cells has been shown both in primary OS tumors as well as lung metastases, suggesting that this pathway might play a role in tumor microenvironment. 74,77 When compared with healthy controls, increased expression of CTLA4 on peripheral T cells and an increased ratio of immune suppressive peripheral monocytes in patients with OS may suggest a profoundly immunosuppressive environment within tumors.…”
Section: Intentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another important challenge is the immune evasion potential of OS. As mentioned, a subgroup of OS demonstrates high expression of immune checkpoint inhibitor ligands, mainly PDL‐1 which reduces the efficacy of transferred CAR T cells . Consequently, immune checkpoint blockade although not effective as monotherapy in OS, could be valuable in combination with other treatment approaches such as CAR T‐cell therapy.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By its nature, OS has a microenvironment that favours M2 macrophages which support tumour growth and promote immune suppression. Additionally, a subset of OS has high expression of the checkpoint inhibitor ligand, PDL‐1, which plays a role in suppression of T‐cell activity through an inhibitory receptor called PD‐1 . In fact, 25% of the primary OS tumours with high PDL‐1 expression have higher likelihood of containing PD‐1 high T cells than PDL‐1 low tumours .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Paradoxically, there is convincing evidence that OS can be recognized by trafficking immunocytes, yet successful exploitation of immunotherapeutic strategies remains elusive. To accelerate the clinical deployment of effective antitumor immune approaches for combating OS, recent scientific investigations have focused on characterizing the quantity, phenotype, dynamics, and functional nature of immune cells that infiltrate into primary and metastatic OS lesions, and these collective findings have been recently and thoroughly summarized (223,224).…”
Section: Leveraging the Immune System To Combat Os Metastasesmentioning
confidence: 99%