“…Therefore, BO is a critical tool for gaining strong brand equity and achieving competitiveness (Huang and Tsai, 2013). Because BO focuses on enhancing awareness of the importance of orientating the brand within an organizational strategy (Bayighomog Likoum et al, 2020;Francois Koukpaki et al, 2021;Iyer et al, 2019), it needs to be presented in a long-term strategic direction, such as vision, mission, prioritized value, and organizational culture (Piha et al, 2021). Huang and Tsai (2013) also suggest that when a firm perceives a clearer and higher BO, it can achieve superior brand performance (Lee et al, 2017) by improving brand trust, loyalty, awareness, and reputation.…”