The contribution of driving with friends to young drivers’ intention to take risks: An expansion of the theory of planned behavior

The Post-Coronavirus World in the International Tourism Industry: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Safer Destination Choices in the Case of US Outbound Tourism

“…The TPB is one of the most broadly used sociopsychological theories designed to predict human decisions and behaviors [ 16 , 21 ]. Its applicability and anticipation power for diverse human behaviors have been demonstrated through meta-analyses [ 23 ].…”

“…The important aspect of these types of decision formations and behaviors comprise the tourism destination choices [ 12 , 14 ]. Thus, the utilization of the TPB is often considered to be efficient in a wide range of destination selection processes and behaviors [ 8 , 21 , 24 ]. Under the framework of the TPB, individuals’ intentions/behaviors can be sturdily explained because of its scope, which comprises volitional and nonvolitional processes [ 7 , 10 , 21 ].…”

“…The attitude toward the behavior and the subjective norm are the constituents of the volitional process, whereas the perceived behavioral control is the major factor of the nonvolitional process [ 13 , 19 ]. The TPB framework posits that the behavioral intention is the most proximal determinant of the actual behavior [ 14 , 16 ] and that this intention is built based on the attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm, and the perceived behavioral control [ 21 ]. In other words, the individuals’ intention develops through volitional and nonvolitional procedures in a simultaneous manner [ 16 , 24 ].…”

“…The TPB is an advanced model of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) [ 7 , 13 ]. Unlike the TPB, the TRA solely considers the volitional dimension to predict human behaviors [ 7 , 17 , 21 ].…”

“…In addition, little empirical research has expanded the TPB for a more comprehensive explication of travelers’ choice decisions/behaviors for safe tourism destinations/products, despite the theory’s high applicability. Moreover, considerable evidence in the recent literature indicated the essential role of the perceived knowledge and the psychological risks with increasing our understanding of customers’ safe/risky behavioral choices [ 16 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. However, no research has yet broadened the TPB by comprising the interplay between the key factors of this theory and the perceived knowledge and deepened the TPB by encompassing the possible influence of the psychological risk into the theory.…”