The contribution of brown adipose tissue to heat production in the new‐born rabbit.

Hull, D; Segall, Malcolm

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007773

Cited by 131 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…After a few days of intensive nursing (Aniskowicz et al, 1990), the leverets are able to fend for themselves in between periodic nursing. It is most likely that these animals, like other lagomorphs (Hull and Segall, 1965), are also equipped with BAT at birth.…”

Section: Precocial Youngmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations to polar life in mammals and birds

Blix

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

139

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This Review presents a broad overview of adaptations of truly Arctic and Antarctic mammals and birds to the challenges of polar life. The polar environment may be characterized by grisly cold, scarcity of food and darkness in winter, and lush conditions and continuous light in summer. Resident animals cope with these changes by behavioural, physical and physiological means. These include responses aimed at reducing exposure, such as 'balling up', huddling and shelter building; seasonal changes in insulation by fur, plumage and blubber; and circulatory adjustments aimed at preservation of core temperature, to which end the periphery and extremities are cooled to increase insulation. Newborn altricial animals have profound tolerance to hypothermia, but depend on parental care for warmth, whereas precocial mammals are well insulated and respond to cold with non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, and precocial birds shiver to produce heat. Most polar animals prepare themselves for shortness of food during winter by the deposition of large amounts of fat in times of plenty during autumn. These deposits are governed by a sliding set-point for body fatness throughout winter so that they last until the sun reappears in spring. Polar animals are, like most others, primarily active during the light part of the day, but when the sun never sets in summer and darkness prevails during winter, high-latitude animals become intermittently active around the clock, allowing opportunistic feeding at all times. The importance of understanding the needs of the individuals of a species to understand the responses of populations in times of climate change is emphasized.

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Section: Precocial Youngmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptations to polar life in mammals and birds

Blix

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

139

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“…White adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ and stores energy (Harwood 2012;Loyd and Obici 2014). In contrast, brown adipose tissue is responsible for energy expenditure via non-shivering thermogenesis in response to cold exposure and diet (Hull and Segall 1965;Rothwell and Stock 1979;Loyd and Obici 2014). In obesity, the amount of white adipose tissue increases due to the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure resulting in the excess energy being stored as triglycerides in the white adipose tissue (Ussar et al 2014).…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Conditions Associated With Obesity In Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review

Tarkosova¹,

Story²,

Rand³

et al. 2016

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:Obesity is recognised as the most common multifactorial nutritional disorder of pet cats. Studies from several countries have indicated that between 11.5% and 63% of cats are overweight or obese. Breed, age, sex, reproductive status, the pet-owner relationship, owners' perceptions of their cats' body condition, type of diet, frequency of feeding, and environment have all been identified as potential risk factors for the development of obesity in cats. Obesity has significant implications for feline health and welfare as it has mechanical and metabolic effects and can predispose cats to conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hepatic lipidosis, lameness, oral cavity disease, urinary tract disease, dermatological disease, and neoplasia. An important aspect of preventing and managing obesity is the evaluation of body condition to determine ideal body weight and to formulate an appropriate weight loss plan. Several methods have been developed for this purpose. This review uses recent scientific literature to discuss various aspects of feline obesity, including its prevalence, proposed risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions, and methods of assessment.Keywords: overweight; obese; body condition; cat List of abbreviations BCS = body condition score, CT = computed tomography, DEXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, MMS = muscle mass scoring, QMR = quantitative magnetic resonance

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“…In newborn rabbits, cold exposure to exogenously administered catecholamines increases metabolic rate, increases surface skin temperature over sites of BAT, and increases circulating FFA concentrations (5). Surgical removal of BAT leads to a reduction of these responses (6).…”

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Effect of Fetal Thyroidectomy on Newborn Thermogenesis in Lambs

et al. 1987

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ABSTRACT. We investigated the effect of the transient neonatal hyperthyroid state on thermogenesis at birth by measuring rectal temperature, plasma free fatty acids, plasma catecholamines, and in vitro brown adipose tissue respiration in thyroidectomized (n = 6) and sham operated (n = 5) fetal sheep. Surgery was performed at an average of 133 days of gestation followed by cesarean delivery at 146 days. Fetuses were delivered into a constant room temperature of 25" C. Serial measurements were made in utero before delivery and at timed intervals after birth. Serum 3,3',5 triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in the neonatal period were normal in sham operated and nondetectable in thyroidectomized fetuses. Rectal temperatures and serum free fatty acid levels were reduced in thyroidectomized newborns. Plasma epinephrine concentrations were increased and the hypothyroid neonates were acidotic when compared to control animals. In vitro basal and norepinephrine stimulated brown adipose tissue respiration were reduced in thyroidectomized compared to control animals. These results indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency impairs nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and leads to hypothermia despite augmented plasma epinephrine values. (Pediatr Res 21: 453-457,1987) Abbreviations a, , 3,3',5 triiodothyronine T4, thyroxine BAT, brown adipose tissue FFA, free fatty acid aGP, a glycerol phosphate aGPD, CY glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (BU)~ CAMP, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate NE, norepinephrine GA, gestational age RIA, radioimmunoassay ANOVA, analysis of variance During the transition from fetal to neonatal life there are profound changes in thyroid function resulting in markedly elevated plasma T3 levels in the human newborn. Similar events occur in the fetal-neonatal lamb providing a model to study thyroid metabolism in the perinatal period (1). Previously, we hypothesized that these elevated T j concentrations play an im- Received September 8, 1986; December 8, 1986. Address reprints requests to Daniel H. Polk, Department of Pediatrics, KingDrew Medical Center, 12021 Wilmington Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90059.Supported by NIH grants HD13084 and HD04270.portant role in temperature regulation by the newborn adapting to the extrauterine environment (2). In support, we reported that thyroid hormone augments BAT thermogenesis in the newborn rabbit (3).The neonatal "surge" in plasma T3 levels is associated with parturition-induced elevations of plasma catecholamine levels which may be important in stimulating neonatal thermogenesis (4). In newborn rabbits, cold exposure to exogenously administered catecholamines increases metabolic rate, increases surface skin temperature over sites of BAT, and increases circulating FFA concentrations (5). Surgical removal of BAT leads to a reduction of these responses (6).The present studies were conducted to determine whether thyroid hormone influences body temperature regulation directly or indirectly via catecholamine levels in the early neonatal period....

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The contribution of brown adipose tissue to heat production in the new‐born rabbit.

Cited by 131 publications

References 10 publications

Adaptations to polar life in mammals and birds

Adaptations to polar life in mammals and birds

Feline obesity - prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review

Effect of Fetal Thyroidectomy on Newborn Thermogenesis in Lambs

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