The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections

Abstract

In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.

A SARS-CoV-2 nanobody that can bind to the RBD region may be used for treatment in COVID-19 in animals

“…It is of great significance to develop safe and effective methods to treat COVID-19 infection ( Lu et al, 2021 ). Neutralizing antibodies are a promising method to fight the virus ( Chi et al, 2020 ; Saied et al, 2021 ). However, the literature on antibody therapy is extensive.…”

Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review

“…The wide traditional use of medicinal plants as hot or cold beverages and flavors added to foods could play a role in mitigating COVID-19 symptoms in Egyptians. The lower fatality rate in relation to the total population in Egypt (0.2%) and India (0.9%) might be due to the famous use of plants as prescriptions in both countries besides drinking of milk of cows, which may contain antibodies against this virus (128,129). The lower incidence in Egypt may be attributed to the huge populations, low amount of screening testing, temperature and humidity, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine use (130), host genetics (131), misdiagnosis, and the young age of populations (132).…”

Bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies as biotherapeutic weapons against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: A review article

“…Recently, several studies have suggested the potential of animal-based antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and the emerging variants and can serve as a valuable option for managing the COVID-19 patients. However, further explorative research is required for their optimal utility [ 46 , 50 , 54 , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] ], which may extend towards protecting humans via protecting animals [ 64 ]. This review discusses the potential benefits of employing bovine-derived antibodies and camelid-derived nanobodies in countering SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants.…”