The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefish<i>Gymnotus carapo</i>L.

McKenzie, David J.; Steffensen, John F.; Taylor, E. W.; Abe, Augusto Shinya

doi:10.1242/jeb.064543

Cited by 29 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…has been observed previously in facultative air-breathing fishes and may reflect a decline in spontaneous activity levels (Lefevre et al, 2012(Lefevre et al, , 2014aMcKenzie et al, 2012). Our measure of boldness -the time to resume air breathing after a fearful stimulus -is similar to previous studies that have, for example, evaluated boldness as the time required to emerge from cover into a potentially threatening environment (Huntingford et al, 2010;Killen et al, 2011Killen et al, , 2012MacKenzie et al, 2009).…”

Section: General Patterns Of Respiratory Metabolism and Boldnesssupporting

confidence: 59%

To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish

McKenzie

Belão

Killen

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus has bimodal respiration, it has a suprabranchial air-breathing organ alongside substantial gills. We used automated bimodal respirometry to reveal that undisturbed juvenile catfish (N=29) breathed air continuously in normoxia, with a marked diurnal cycle. Air breathing and routine metabolic rate (RMR) increased in darkness when, in the wild, this nocturnal predator forages. Aquatic hypoxia (20% air saturation) greatly increased overall reliance on air breathing. We investigated whether two measures of risk taking to breathe air, namely absolute rates of aerial O 2 uptake (Ṁ O2,air ) and the percentage of RMR obtained from air (%Ṁ O2,air ), were influenced by individual standard metabolic rate (SMR) and boldness. In particular, whether any influence varied with resource availability (normoxia versus hypoxia) or relative fear of predation (day versus night). Individual SMR, derived from respirometry, had an overall positive influence on Ṁ O2,air across all contexts but a positive influence on %Ṁ O2,air only in hypoxia. Thus, a pervasive effect of SMR on air breathing became most acute in hypoxia, when individuals with higher O 2 demand took proportionally more risks. Boldness was estimated as time required to resume air breathing after a fearful stimulus in daylight normoxia (T res ). Although T res had no overall influence on Ṁ O2,air or %Ṁ O2,air , there was a negative relationship between T res and %Ṁ O2,air in daylight, in normoxia and hypoxia. There were two T res response groups, 'bold' phenotypes with T res below 75 min (N=13) which, in daylight, breathed proportionally more air than 'shy' phenotypes with T res above 115 min (N=16). Therefore, individual boldness influenced air breathing when fear of predation was high. Thus, individual energy demand and personality did not have parallel influences on the emergent tendency to take risks to obtain a resource; their influences varied in strength with context.

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Section: General Patterns Of Respiratory Metabolism and Boldnesssupporting

confidence: 59%

To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish

McKenzie

Belão

Killen

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“… a McKenzie et al (); b Lefevre et al (); c S. Lefevre et al (unpubl. data) [see Appendix S2 (Supporting Information) for methods]; d Farmer &Jackson (); e Seymour et al ().…”

Section: Aerobic Swimming In Bimodal Fishesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…carapo and P . hypophthalmus were exercised to fatigue in a U C protocol (McKenzie et al , ; Lefevre et al , ), the other two species were exercised at a range of sustained speeds (Farmer & Jackson, ; Seymour et al , ). Experiments were also conducted at different temperatures (Table ), and temperature is known to have a pronounced stimulatory effect on air‐breathing frequency and its contribution to total metabolic rate (Johansen et al , ; Graham, ).…”

Section: Aerobic Swimming In Bimodal Fishesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming in air‐breathing fishes

Lefevre

Domenici

McKenzie³

2014

Journal of Fish Biology

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Fishes with bimodal respiration differ in the extent of their reliance on air breathing to support aerobic metabolism, which is reflected in their lifestyles and ecologies. Many freshwater species undertake seasonal and reproductive migrations that presumably involve sustained aerobic exercise. In the six species studied to date, aerobic exercise in swim flumes stimulated air-breathing behaviour, and there is evidence that surfacing frequency and oxygen uptake from air show an exponential increase with increasing swimming speed. In some species, this was associated with an increase in the proportion of aerobic metabolism met by aerial respiration, while in others the proportion remained relatively constant. The ecological significance of anaerobic swimming activities, such as sprinting and fast-start manoeuvres during predator-prey interactions, has been little studied in air-breathing fishes. Some species practise air breathing during recovery itself, while others prefer to increase aquatic respiration, possibly to promote branchial ion exchange to restore acid-base balance, and to remain quiescent and avoid being visible to predators. Overall, the diversity of air-breathing fishes is reflected in their swimming physiology as well, and further research is needed to increase the understanding of the differences and the mechanisms through which air breathing is controlled and used during exercise.

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“…Both the aerobic scope (e.g. Brett, 1962;Ultsch et al, 1980;McKenzie et al, 2012;Eliason et al, 2013a;Killen et al, 2014;Del Raye and Weng, 2015) and ƒ H (Stillman, 2002;Blank et al, 2004;Braby and Somero, 2006;Franklin et al, 2007;Sidhu et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2013;Verhille et al, 2013;Anttila et al, 2014;Ferreira et al, 2014) measurements have been reinstituted to investigate the thermal niches of fishes in this era of rapid climate change. We tested the hypothesis that the cardio-respiratory system of B. saida would thermally acclimate at 0.5, 3.5 and 6.5°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acclimation potential of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida Lepechin) from the rapidly warming Arctic Ocean

Drost

Carmack

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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As a consequence of the growing concern about warming of the Arctic Ocean, this study quantified the thermal acclimation responses of Boreogadus saida, a key Arctic food web fish. Physiological rates for cardio-respiratory functions as well as critical maximum temperature (T c,max ) for loss of equilibrium (LOE) were measured. The transition temperatures for these events (LOE, the rate of oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate) during acute warming were used to gauge phenotypic plasticity after thermal acclimation from 0.5°C up to 6.5°C for 1 month (respiratory and T c,max measurements) and 6 months (cardiac measurements). T c,max increased significantly by 2.3°C from 14.9°C to 17.1°C with thermal acclimation, while the optimum temperature for absolute aerobic scope increased by 4.5°C over the same range of thermal acclimation. Warm acclimation reset the maximum heart rate to a statistically lower rate, but the first Arrhenius breakpoint temperature during acute warming was unchanged. The hierarchy of transition temperatures was quantified at three acclimation temperatures and was fitted inside a Fry temperature tolerance polygon to better define ecologically relevant thermal limits to performance of B. saida. We conclude that B. saida can acclimate to 6.5°C water temperatures in the laboratory. However, at this acclimation temperature 50% of the fish were unable to recover from maximum swimming at the 8.5°C test temperature and their cardio-respiratory performance started to decline at water temperatures greater than 5.4°C. Such costs in performance may limit the ecological significance of B. saida acclimation potential.

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The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefishGymnotus carapoL.

Cited by 29 publications

References 43 publications

To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish

To boldly gulp: standard metabolic rate and boldness have context-dependent influences on risk-taking to breathe air in a catfish

Swimming in air‐breathing fishes

Acclimation potential of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida Lepechin) from the rapidly warming Arctic Ocean

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