The Contribution of a Cognitive Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) to Delusions in Schizophrenia

Woodward, Todd S.; Moritz, Steffen; Cuttler, Carrie; Whitman, Jennifer C.

doi:10.1080/13803390590949511

Cited by 196 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Together with the change of conclusion, the strong correlation we found between this measure and the PDI-21 scores is reminiscent of the results of Woodward et al (2006b). These authors showed that schizophrenia patients exhibited a hindsight bias, that is, a tendency to disregard past errors and act as though they "knew it all along" (the 'KIA effect').…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Healthy people with delusional ideation change their mind with conviction

Rodier

Prévost

Renoult

et al. 2011

Psychiatry Research

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Emotional distress and reasoning biases are two factors known to contribute to delusions. As a step towards elucidating mechanisms underlying delusions, the main aim of this study was to evaluate a possible "jumping to new conclusions" reasoning bias in healthy people with delusional ideation and its association with emotions. We surveyed 80 healthy participants, measuring levels of depression, anxiety, cognitive error and delusional ideation. Participants completed two versions of the beads task to evaluate their reasoning style. Results showed that people with delusional ideation reached a conclusion after less information, as expected. Interestingly, they also tended to change their conclusions more often than people without delusional ideation and did so with greater conviction. Depression and cognitive errors were strong predictors of delusional ideation but not of reasoning style. We conclude that delusional ideation in non-psychotic individuals is independently predicted by depressive symptoms and by a high conviction in new conclusions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Healthy people with delusional ideation change their mind with conviction

Rodier

Prévost

Renoult

et al. 2011

Psychiatry Research

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“…32,33 The apparent irreconcilability of the 2 concepts (i.e., that delusions are associated with a bias toward disconfirmatory evidence in the JTC literature and a bias against disconfirmatory evidence in the BADE literature) could be resolved by accepting that what is described by other groups as a disconfirmatory bias in JTC should perhaps be reconceptualized as a hypersalience of evidence-hypothesis matches, because the hypersalience reported here does not extend to an enhanced tendency to disconfirm previously supported outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of hypersalience to the “jumping to conclusions” bias associated with delusions in schizophrenia

Speechley

Whitman

Woodward

2010

jpn

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190

148

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7Background: Previous schizophrenia research involving the "beads task" has suggested an association between delusions and 2 reasoning biases: (1) "jumping to conclusions" (JTC), whereby early, resolute decisions are formed on the basis of little evidence and (2) overadjustment of probability estimates following a single instance of disconfirmatory evidence. In the current study, we used a novel JTC-style paradigm to provide new information about a cognitive operation common to these 2 reasoning biases. Methods: Using a task that required participants to rate the likelihood that a fisherman was catching a series of black or white fish from Lake A and not Lake B, and vice versa, we compared the responses of 4 groups (healthy, bipolar, nondelusional schizophrenia and delusional schizophrenia) when we manipulated 2 elements of the Bayesian formula: incoming data and prior odds. Results: Regardless of our manipulations of the Bayesian formula, the delusional schizophrenia group gave significantly higher likelihood ratings for the lake that best matched the colour of the presented fish, but the ratings for the nonmatching lake did not differ from the other groups. Limitations: The limitations of this study include a small sample size for the group of severely delusional patients and a preponderance of men in the schizophrenia sample. Conclusion: Delusions in schizophrenia are associated with hypersalience of evidence-hypothesis matches but normal salience of nonmatches. When the colour of the incoming data is uniform (fish of only one colour), this manifests as JTC early in a series, and when the colour of incoming data varies (both black and white fish), this manifests as an overadjustment midseries. This account can provide a unifying explanation for delusion-associated performance patterns previously observed in the beads task in schizophrenia.

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“…For example, the most often cited effect originates from the observation that schizophrenia patients with persecutory delusions are inclined to 'jump to conclusions' and make impulsive and premature decisions exclusive of sufficient information on probabilistic reasoning tasks (Dudley et al, 2015;Lincoln, Ziegler, Mehl, & Rief, 2010;Garety et al, 1991;Garety et al, 2005;So, Garety, Peters, & Kapur, 2010). Delusional patients also tend to rigidly hold their beliefs and refuse to consider any disconfirmatory evidence (Woodward, Moritz, Cuttler, & Whitman, 2006). In addition, these patients have trouble envisioning others' intentions or drawing plausible conclusions about the motives of others (Corcoran et al, 1995;Frith & Corcoran, 1996;Brune, 2005;Harrington, Langdon, Siegert, & McClure, 2005;, an ability widely known as Theory of Mind which has been defined as the "capacity to represent one's own and other persons' mental states" (Brune, 2005, p 21).…”

Section: Study Aimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preserved, deteriorated, and premorbidly impaired patterns of intellectual ability in schizophrenia.

Ammari¹,

Heinrichs²,

Pinnock³

et al. 2014

Neuropsychology

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Objective: Although impaired general intellectual ability is a prevalent feature in schizophrenia, patterns suggesting preserved, deteriorated, and premorbidly impaired intellect have also been identified. The main purpose of this investigation was to examine the clinical, cognitive, and neuroanatomical characteristics of these intellectual subtypes, and to establish the value and validity of this approach for reducing the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Methods: A total of 71 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 66 healthy controls were assessed. A 'preserved' performance pattern (n=29) was defined by average-range estimated premorbid and current IQ with no evidence of decline (premorbid-current IQ difference <10 points). A 'deteriorated' pattern (n=14) was defined by a difference between estimated premorbid and current IQ estimates of 10 points or more. A 'premorbidly impaired' pattern (n=14) was defined by below average estimated premorbid and current IQ and no evidence of decline greater than 10 points. The groups were compared on demographic,

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The Contribution of a Cognitive Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) to Delusions in Schizophrenia

Cited by 196 publications

References 16 publications

Healthy people with delusional ideation change their mind with conviction

Healthy people with delusional ideation change their mind with conviction

The contribution of hypersalience to the “jumping to conclusions” bias associated with delusions in schizophrenia

Preserved, deteriorated, and premorbidly impaired patterns of intellectual ability in schizophrenia.

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