The contrast sensitivity of the colour mechanisms of the human eye

Green, Daniel G.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008515

Cited by 150 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…This mapping agreed with the Nyquist limit predicted from S-cone spacing mapped by immunostaining (Curcio et al, 1991) and other psychophysical measurements (Stiles, 1949;Green, 1968;Cavonius and Estévez, 1975;Metha and Lennie, 2001). The present results, that every S cone has what amounts to a private ON pathway, certainly support this conclusion.…”

Section: Correspondence To Psychophysicssupporting

confidence: 75%

Evidence That Each S Cone in Macaque Fovea Drives One Narrow-Field and Several Wide-Field Blue-Yellow Ganglion Cells

Schein¹,

Sterling²,

Ngo³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

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A rule of retinal wiring is that many receptors converge onto fewer bipolar cells and still fewer ganglion cells. However, for each S cone in macaque fovea, there are two S-cone ON bipolar cells and two blue-yellow (BY) ganglion cells. To understand this apparent rule reversal, we reconstructed synaptic patterns of divergence and convergence and determined the basic three-tiered unit of connectivity that repeats across the retina. Each foveal S cone diverges to four S-cone ON bipolar cells but contacts them unequally, providing 1-16 ribbon synapses per cell. Next, each bipolar cell diverges to two BY ganglion cells and also contacts them unequally, providing ϳ14 and ϳ28 ribbon synapses per cell. Overall, each S cone diverges to approximately six BY ganglion cells, dominating one and contributing more modestly to the others. Conversely, of each pair of BY ganglion cells, one is dominated by a single S cone and one is diffusely driven by several. This repeating circuit extracts blue/yellow information on two different spatiotemporal scales and thus parallels the circuits for achromatic, spatial vision, in which each cone dominates one narrow-field ganglion cell (midget) and contributes some input to several wider-field ganglion cells (parasol). Finally, because BY ganglion cells have coextensive ϩS and Ϫ(LϩM) receptive fields, and each S cone contributes different weights to different BY ganglion cells, the coextensive receptive fields must be already present in the synaptic terminal of the S cone. The S-cone terminal thus constitutes the first critical locus for BY color vision.

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Section: Correspondence To Psychophysicssupporting

confidence: 75%

Evidence That Each S Cone in Macaque Fovea Drives One Narrow-Field and Several Wide-Field Blue-Yellow Ganglion Cells

Schein¹,

Sterling²,

Ngo³

et al. 2004

J. Neurosci.

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“…There will also be retinal locations for which the resolution of the M-or L-cone submosaic ought to be as high as for the full mosaic. This is likely to be the reason why acuity measured with stimuli that are visible to only L or M cones is not worse than acuity based on the entire mosaic (Green, 1968;Cavonius and Estévez, 1975;Williams, 1990;Carroll et al, 2004). A patchy cone arrangement may have the additional advantage in helping to ameliorate the spectral blurring that occurs as a result of electrical coupling between neighboring cones (Hsu et al, 2000;DeVries et al, 2002;Hornstein et al, 2004).…”

Section: Implications Of L/m Cone Arrangement For Visionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic

Hofer¹,

Carroll²,

Neitz³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

389

311

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Using high-resolution adaptive-optics imaging combined with retinal densitometry, we characterized the arrangement of short-(S), middle-(M), and long-(L) wavelength-sensitive cones in eight human foveal mosaics. As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even more extreme L:M ratio (0.37:1). All subjects had nearly identical S-cone densities, indicating independence of the developmental mechanism that governs the relative numerosity of L/M and S cones. L:M cone ratio estimates were correlated highly with those obtained in the same eyes using the flicker photometric electroretinogram (ERG), although the comparison indicates that the signal from each M cone makes a larger contribution to the ERG than each L cone. Although all subjects had highly disordered arrangements of L and M cones, three subjects showed evidence for departures from a strictly random rule for assigning the L and M cone photopigments. In two retinas, these departures corresponded to local clumping of cones of like type. In a third retina, the L:M cone ratio differed significantly at two retinal locations on opposite sides of the fovea. These results suggest that the assignment of L and M pigment, although highly irregular, is not a completely random process. Surprisingly, in the protan carrier, in which X-chromosome inactivation would favor L-or M-cone clumping, there was no evidence of clumping, perhaps as a result of cone migration during foveal development.

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“…The sensitivity of human eyes was interesting to many areas of science like ophthalmology [1], physiology [2], and optics [3]. The eye sensitivity limitations improved color halftoning methods [4], digital image quality on screens [5,6], and the image quality evaluations [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of the chromatic contrast change of digital prints on the measured contrast sensitivity function

Sadzakov¹,

Karlovic²

2014

Savr tehnol

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The colour appearance of a stimulus is not independent of its spatial and temporal characteristics. The prints in the graphic arts are both colorimetrically and spatially variable surfaces due to the use of halftoning with different inks. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the human visual system are typically explored through the measurement of contrast sensitivity functions. Contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) in vision science are analogous to modulation transfer functions (MTFs) in imaging science. The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is essential for the detail perception and it is one of the main components of visual models and metrics. CSF is a well researched but never the less, CSF has not been widely researched in terms of application in hardcopy prints made by digital printing systems, but mainly on colour displays. The aim of this paper was to determine if there is any similarity between two types of reducing contrast: (1) type C1 where two opponent colours get mixed; and (2) type C2 where the colour saturation is reduced. A group of 15 subjects evaluated a printed test form containing frequency and contrast variable elements using magnifying glass.The results showed that the eye is similarly sensitive to both types of the contrast change. The plots of reducing saturation (C2) showed a similar shape like C1 but had slightly lower sensitivity, especially in the red-green contrast. This can be useful for color difference metrics cut-offs and for designers in determining which details and contrasts do not have to be used as they cannot be seen by the final observer.

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The contrast sensitivity of the colour mechanisms of the human eye

Cited by 150 publications

References 19 publications

Evidence That Each S Cone in Macaque Fovea Drives One Narrow-Field and Several Wide-Field Blue-Yellow Ganglion Cells

Evidence That Each S Cone in Macaque Fovea Drives One Narrow-Field and Several Wide-Field Blue-Yellow Ganglion Cells

Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic

The influence of the chromatic contrast change of digital prints on the measured contrast sensitivity function

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