The continuing search for an addiction vaccine

Özgen, M H; Blume, Stuart

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.074

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Naloxone is currently approved to reverse acute opioid overdose and can be administered intranasally, intravenously, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly . However, due to both the potency of fentanyl and the limited half-life of naloxone (∼90 min), multiple doses are often required to rescue patients exposed to fentanyl and other opioids. ,− Because of the limitations of current medication-based treatments, vaccines have been proposed as an alternative or complementary strategy to treat OUD and to prevent overdose. − Vaccines against OUD consist of conjugates containing drug-based haptens linked to an immunogenic carrier protein, which stimulate the innate and adaptive immune systems to generate polyclonal antibodies against the selected opioid. Opioid-specific IgG antibodies bind the target opioid in serum and reduce its distribution to the brain, thus preventing opioid-induced behavioral and pharmacological effects, as well as opioid-related toxicity, including overdose, in animal models. ,,− Vaccines have shown preclinical proof of efficacy against heroin, its metabolites 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine, oxycodone, and morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and its analogues. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Vaccines to Counteract Fentanyl Use Disorders and Toxicity

et al. 2020

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The incidence of fatal overdoses has increased worldwide due to the widespread access to illicit fentanyl and its potent analogues. Vaccines offer a promising strategy to reduce the prevalence of opioid use disorders (OUDs) and to prevent toxicity from accidental and deliberate exposure to fentanyl and its derivatives. This study describes the development and characterization of vaccine formulations consisting of novel fentanyl-based haptens conjugated to carrier proteins. Vaccine efficacy was tested against opioid-induced behavior and toxicity in mice and rats challenged with fentanyl and its analogues. Prophylactic vaccination reduced fentanyl- and sufentanil-induced antinociception, respiratory depression, and bradycardia in mice and rats. Therapeutic vaccination also reduced fentanyl intravenous self-administration in rats. Because of their selectivity, vaccines did not interfere with the pharmacological effects of commonly used anesthetics nor with methadone, naloxone, oxycodone, or heroin. These preclinical data support the translation of vaccines as a viable strategy to counteract fentanyl use disorders and toxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Vaccines to Counteract Fentanyl Use Disorders and Toxicity

et al. 2020

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“…The authors added a vaccinated group to the model and assumed temporary and imperfect protection against addiction. To the best of our knowledge, however, there is no such thing as drug vaccines available on market for the time being [ 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Despite decades of research on immunotherapy against SUD and a few promising candidate vaccines in animal models, none has been licensed for clinical application [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, however, there is no such thing as drug vaccines available on market for the time being [ 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Despite decades of research on immunotherapy against SUD and a few promising candidate vaccines in animal models, none has been licensed for clinical application [ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. In view of this, we recommend against using the idea of drug vaccine in drug epidemic modeling studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scoping Review of Drug Epidemic Models

Wang

Tang

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The phenomenon of drug epidemics has been a global issue in the past decades, causing enormous damages to the physical and mental health of drug users and social well-being. Despite great efforts to curb drug epidemics at the governmental or social level, the total number of drug users has still been on the rise in recent years, along with illicit production and trafficking around the world. Inspired by dynamical epidemic models of infectious disease, a flourishment of promising results has been observed in the exploration of drug epidemic models. In this review, we aim to provide a scoping review of all existing drug epidemic modeling studies, and it has been shown that most studies focused on analyses of theoretical behaviors of the model systems, lacking emphasis on practical applications in real settings. We found that the drug epidemic models were characterized by a longer time scale, no incubation period, no significant prevention vaccines interfered, and population specificity. This review could assist policymakers and public health workers in gaining deeper insights into modeling tools, and help modelers improve their works, thus narrowing gaps between mathematical epidemiology and public health studies.

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“…Finally, the question of what sort of treatment we should encourage or even mandate extends to our research priorities, as the opioid crisis has lent significant energy to research into treatment for opioid use disorder. But a background preference for abstinence‐based approaches can be seen here, too, as both the government and private corporations invest in the development of so‐called opioid vaccines, which co‐opt the body's immune system to attack foreign opioids and strand them in the bloodstream, preventing their interaction with the central nervous system 35 . Although this is not the place to dive fully into the ethics of drug‐use vaccines, it is worth pointing out that the excitement about this possibility reveals the general antipathy toward opioid agonist therapy.…”

Section: How Should We Treat Opioid Use Disorder?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solving the Opioid Crisis Isn't Just a Public Health Challenge—It's a Bioethics Challenge

Rieder¹

2020

Hastings Center Report

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Among those who discuss America's opioid crisis, it is popular to claim that we know what we, as a society, ought to do to solve the problem—we simply don't want it badly enough. We don't lack knowledge; we lack the will to act and to fund the right policies. In fact, I've heard two versions of this. Among those who focus on prescription opioids, it is clear that we ought to stop prescribing so many powerful opioid painkillers. And among my public health colleagues focusing on illicit drug use, it is clear that we ought to expand addiction treatment and harm‐reduction services. The problem, however, is that the second claim is not obvious (and, indeed, is denied by many Americans), and the first claim probably isn't even true (at least, not in so crude a form). In short, the opioid crisis presents not only a problem of political will but also one of ethics. It will take work to discover or justify our normative claims in this arena.

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The continuing search for an addiction vaccine

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Vaccines to Counteract Fentanyl Use Disorders and Toxicity

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Vaccines to Counteract Fentanyl Use Disorders and Toxicity

A Scoping Review of Drug Epidemic Models

Solving the Opioid Crisis Isn't Just a Public Health Challenge—It's a Bioethics Challenge

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