The Context of Women's Market Careers

Abstract

WORK AND OCCUPATIONS Charles et al. / CONTEXT OF WOMEN'S MARKET CAREERS

Gender Segregation in Vocational Education: Introduction

“…In existing research, tracking has been investigated along several dimensions (Buchmann & Charles, 1995;Charles, et al, 2001;Hadjar & Berger, 2011). It can refer to the timing of tracking, that is, the age at which students have to choose or are placed in a study track.…”

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“…It should be mentioned that, as pointed out in Charles et al [13], previous research indicates that the connection between certain human capital investments and occupational segregation depends on the extent to which gender distinctions prevailing in the labor market can be incorporated into the educational system. For instance, vocational programs provide training for occupations with strong gender labels and at an early age when pressures to conform to gender stereotypes are especially intense.…”

“…However, the segregation induced by 5 broadly defined educational levels is 5 times smaller. Similarly, in their comparative study Charles et al [13] find that in Switzerland, where a highly differentiated system provides more opportunities for sex segregation within secondary education, incumbency in a female-dominated occupation is strongly and negatively related to overall levels of educational investment. Instead, in the U.S., where the educational system emphasizes general training and offers fewer opportunities for gender differentiation, the relationship between occupational sex-typing and quantity of educational investment is comparatively attenuated.…”

“…Instead, this range goes from 2.69 in occupation 15, an integrated agricultural occupation consisting of Employees in livestock production, to 143.08 in occupation 26, a white collar female occupation consisting of Domestic service personnel, typists and other operators (see column 7 in Tables II and I). 13 As a final symptom of the lesser role of age/education characteristics in gender segregation, only young workers with a secondary or a College education have a direct gender segregation index above 7 points (see column 5 in Table II), while only within occupations 18, 19 and 27 do the age/education characteristics induce a gender segregation value above 8 index points (see column 6 in Table I). …”

“…2 For time-series analysis of individual countries, see, inter alia, Gross [20], Blau [5], Blau and Hendricks [6], England [16], Beller [4], Albelda [1], Jacobs [26,27], Watts and Rich [48,49], Jacobsen [29,30], Blau et al [7], and Weeden [50]. For cross-country studies, see Jacobs and Lim [28], Charles [10,11], Charles et al [13], Charles and Grusky [12], Grusky and Charles [21], Anker [3], and Dolado et al [15]. For a recent treatise on segregation, see Flückiger and Silber [17].…”