The content of dietary fiber, amino acids, dihydroxyphenols and some macro- and micronutrients in grain of conventionally and organically grown common wheat, spelt wheat and proso millet

Abstract

The effects of conventional and organic farming system on some quality parameters of grains were studied in winter and spring common wheat, spelt wheat and proso millet. Under organic farming conditions, spelt wheat was characterized by the most favorable grain chemical composition (essential amino acids index [EAAI] 85.3, o-dihydroxyphenol 2.00 g kg , magnesium [Mg] 705, zinc [Zn] 32.9 mg kg -1 ), followed by millet (total dietary fiber [TDF] 185.3 g kg -1, Mg 904, copper [Cu] 6.27, iron [Fe] 57.0 mg kg -1 ). The above-mentioned cereals also showed a satisfactory yield level under the organic system (spelt wheat 2.69, proso millet 1.42 t ha -1). Both in winter and spring common wheat organic farming led a significant reduction in productivity, but the content of chemical components in grain (dihydroxyphenols-spring wheat 1.68 g kg -1, winter wheat 1.74 g kg ) was more favorable compared to the conventional system. The present study showed that the organic farming system does not result in reduced productivity neither in spelt wheat or proso millet, but contributes to an improvement in their grain quality parameters. On the other hand, common wheat performed better under the conventional system.Key words: cereals, grain chemical composition, conventional system, organic system Introduction Cereal crops provide raw material for the production of many food products and the grains of cereals are the main source of carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, phenolics, inulin, sterols, etc. (Duthie et al. 2000, Fan et al. 2008, Ciołek et al. 2012, Shahidi and Chandrasekara 2013. Protein in spelt grain shows very high digestibility, at a level of 80-85% and compared to common wheat spelt grain it has more gluten (by 8%) and oil (by 30%) (Ruibal-Mendieta et al. 2004, Tyburski andŻuk-Gołaszewska 2005). Proso millet grain contains: 1-3% of oil, 70-83% of starch, 10.8-12.5% of protein, 11.0-12.5 % of dietary fiber, and 2.8-3.2% of ash (Baltensperger et. al. 1997(Baltensperger et. al. , 2004. Spelt wheat or proso millet are known to have healthpromoting properties (Piironen et al. 2002). Spelt wheat contains phytosterols which depresses the blood cholesterol concentration and it also has a beneficial effect on the digestive system and stabilizes the nervous system functions (Piironen et al. 2002). Proso millet is recommended in gluten-free diet and for persons suffering from coeliac disease. In traditional Chinese medicine, tumors -even at an advanced stageare treated using a very strict and consistent diet consisting of 50% cereal grains (mainly millet grains), 30% vegetables and 20% (Acko 2012).Agricultural producers and consumers are more and more aware of the need both to produce and consume healthy foods free of chemicals and to take care of the environment in which we live. Attention is generally paid to the possibility of potential food contamination with residues of crop protection agents or nitrates. Thus, the demand for organic products is increasing. There is a view among consumers, which...

Reaction of winter spelt cultivars to reduced tillage system and chemical plant protection

“…Rachoń et al (2015) demonstrated that the intensification of chemical plant protection beneficially affected the chemical composition of spelt, increasing the grain protein content, while the study by Kwiecińska-Poppe et al (2011) revealed that there was no such relationship. Kwiatkowski et al (2015) showed spelt to be characterized by higher content of nearly all amino acids compared to common wheat grain. In the present experiment, cv.…”

“…Information can be found in the literature that spelt wheat is a low-input crop that does not require intensive protection to be used (Kwiatkowski et al, 2015). It is characterized by a rather high level of resistance to ear and grain infection by fungal pathogens (Vučković et al, 2013) and better competes with weeds than common wheat (Feledyn-Szewczyk, 2009).…”

Reaction of spelt wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) to foliar applications of fertilizers

“…Spelt grain contains many valuable nutrients necessary in the diet of humans and animals [Kraska et al 2013, Świeca et al 2014, Kwiatkowski et al 2015, Rachoń et al 2015. According to some authors, it is characterized by more favorable chemical composition compared to the forms of common wheat .…”

Evaluation of the Technological Quality of Grain and Flour of Two Spelt Wheat (Triticum Aestivum Ssp. Spelta L.) Cultivars Grown Under Different Conditions of Crop Protection and Seeding Rate

“…A higher value of the trait in question was obtained in the research conducted by Makowska Similarly as in the present study, spelt wheat cultivars are characterized by high variation in chemical composition and grain technological quality also in the evaluation of other authors (Capouchová, 2001;Lacko-Bartošová et al, 2010;Świeca et al, 2014;Andruszczak, 2017). Weather conditions also have a great impact on grain quality of this species since they additionally increase intervarietal variation (Lacko-Bartošová et Most authors stress that it is a species that tolerates well extensive cropping without plant protection chemicals and is characterized by favourable grain and flour characteristics under organic farming conditions (Capouchová, 2001;Kwiatkowski et al, 2015). Nevertheless, Andruszczak (2017) demonstrated that application of complete chemical crop protection contributed to an improvement in some grain quality parameters.…”