The constitution and effects of country images: Theory and measurement of a central target construct in international public relations and public diplomacy

Buhmann, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.scoms.2016.10.002

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 195 publications

(277 reference statements)

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“…The 4D Model specifies the construct as a subjective attitude toward a nation and its state, comprising specific beliefs and general feelings in a functional, a normative, an esthetic, and an emotional dimension. The 4D Model has been applied empirically to show how affective country image components mediate the effect of country cognitions on travel behavior (Buhmann and Ingenhoff, 2015b) and purchase behavior (Buhmann, 2016). As the wider cognitive/affective country image model depicts the cognitive dimensions to "feed into" the emotional dimension, the latter has a rather general or summative quality regarding the overall image.…”

Section: Country Image: Its Measurement and Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 4D Model has been applied empirically to show how affective country image components mediate the effect of country cognitions on travel behavior (Buhmann and Ingenhoff, 2015b) and purchase behavior (Buhmann, 2016). As the wider cognitive/affective country image model depicts the cognitive dimensions to “feed into” the emotional dimension, the latter has a rather general or summative quality regarding the overall image.…”

Section: Literature Review and Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reputation spillover: corporate crises’ effects on country reputation

Ingenhoff

Buhmann

White

et al. 2018

JCOM

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how varying degrees of media-constructed associations between organizations and their home countries affect audience perceptions of such associations and, subsequently, how recipients attribute crisis responsibility and reputational damage to the home country. Additionally, the paper investigates if pre-crisis country image can buffer negative effects of the crisis for the country. Design/methodology/approach The authors hypothesize that the strength of actor associations in media reports about crises affects recipients’ cognitive processes of crisis responsibility attribution and, thus, the “direction” of reputational damage (corporation vs country). Empirically, the authors analyze the effects of different levels of actor association in crisis reports (strong actor association vs weak actor association) regarding a Chinese corporation in a one-factorial (between-subjects) experimental design; and the intervening effect of China’s country image prior to the crisis. Participants for the study lived in Switzerland and the USA. Findings The effect of different actor associations presented in the media on perceived association between a corporation and its home country is confirmed. Furthermore, these varying perceptions lead to significantly different tendencies in people’s ascriptions of crisis responsibility (corporation vs country), and different degrees of reputational fallout for the home countries. Finally, the data did not confirm a moderating effect of pre-crisis country image on the reputational damage caused by the crisis. Research limitations/implications The study contributes to the understanding of key factors in the formation of crisis attributions as well as insights for the study of country image and public diplomacy. Practical implications It provides a new approach for corporate communication and public diplomacy to analyze the complex interdependencies between countries and internationally visible and globally known corporations, which potentially affect the country’s perception abroad. Social implications Particularly for smaller countries that cannot rely on political and economic power to defend national interests in a global context, their “soft power” in terms of reputation and country image can play a central role in their political, economic, and cultural success. Originality/value The paper applies a new conceptual framework and methodology to analyze how both mediated and cognitive associations between different actors influence attribution of responsibility in crises, and how these associations ultimately bear on reputation spillover for the different actors.

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Section: Country Image: Its Measurement and Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Review and Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reputation spillover: corporate crises’ effects on country reputation

Ingenhoff

Buhmann

White

et al. 2018

JCOM

Self Cite

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“…Furthermore, researchers have emphasized China's attention to detail when it comes to language uses that undermine the image of China's peaceful rise (Brazys & Dukalskis 2019;King et al 2017). National image is essential not only because it relates to how a country represents itself in international relations (Buhmann 2016;Wang 2006) but also because, in the context of China's rise, maintaining its stability is critical and relevant (Dukalskis 2021;Peijuan et al 2009;Wang 2006;Zhang & Cameron 2003). Brazys (2019) specifically mentions that China carries out grassroots image management through its cultural institutions to maintain a friendly image of China's rise.…”

Section: Nationalizing the Past: Natuna's Identity As An Integral Par...mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Does Language and Culture Form One Unique National Identity? A Case Study of Renaming the South China Sea to North Natuna Sea in Indonesia’s Foreign Policy Since 2016

Putra

2023

JGS

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This article discusses the use of language and historical legacy in forming one national identity, which is thus used as a political stand of foreign policy. The primary analysis of this article uses the concept of “imagined communities,” which distinguishes one’s perception of themselves toward others. The methodology of “nationalizing the past” was adopted to amplify a more substantial justification toward what has been believed to be one’s belonging. The shift in Indonesia’s foreign policy toward the South China Sea disputes, reflected in renaming the northern side of Indonesia’s Natuna Islands as the North Natuna Sea, was selected as a case study. This article argues that language serves not only as a means to define national identity but also as a vital tool in safeguarding the national assets inherited across generations that are an integral part of their identity. Keywords: language, imagined communities, South China Sea, territorial conflict, Indonesia, foreign policy, North Natuna Sea Artikel ini membahas penggunaan bahasa dan warisan sejarah dalam membentuk sebuah identitas nasional yang kemudian digunakan sebagai sikap politik terhadap kebijakan luar negeri. Analisis utama artikel ini ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsep 'komunitas yang dibayangkan’ (imagined communities), yang membedakan persepsi sebuah kelompok atas dirinya terhadap yang lain. Metodologi 'menasionalisasi masa lalu’ (nationalising the past) lantas digunakan untuk memperkuat pembenaran terhadap apa yang diyakini sebagai milik sebuah negara. Pergeseran kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia terhadap sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan dengan menamai sisi utara Kepulauan Natuna sebagai Laut Natuna Utara diambil sebagai studi kasus. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa bahasa tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai cara untuk mendefinisikan identitas nasional, tetapi juga sebagai alat penting untuk mempertahankan aset-aset nasional yang diturunkan dari generasi ke generasi sebagai bagian penting dari identitas. Kata-kata kunci: bahasa, imagined communities, Laut Tiongkok Selatan, konflik teritorial, Indonesia, kebijakan luar negeri, Laut Natuna Utara

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“…В настоящее время существуют исследования, убедительно доказывающие положительное влияние цифровых технологий на дипломатические практики [3]. Цифровой режим дипломатического общения способствует традиционной дипломатии не только в информировании иностранной аудитории об основных событиях, но и в создании позитивного имиджа страны с помощью различных тактик общения [4]. Для достижения своих целей в цифровой среде дипломаты используют не только общепринятые инструменты взаимодействия с аудиторией, но иногда применяют нетрадиционные коммуникативные инструменты.…”

Section: формирование образа страны на международной арене: тактическunclassified

Country image construction in the international scene: tactic application of state authorized humour

Martynova

2020

World of Science. Series: Sociology, Philology, Cultural Studies

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Today, digital diplomacy tools are used by governments in many countries in their efforts to build effective collaboration with an international audience. However, sometimes digital interaction with the audience takes forms unusual for the traditional understanding of diplomatic communication. For example, the use of humor in social networks is becoming the new reality of official diplomacy. It is not surprising that diplomats use humor to attract a foreign audience, but at the same time, this affects the formation of the country’s image. Little is known about the humorous interaction between official state actors and their target audience. The role of such communication in building the country’s image has not been studied. This paper analyzes the ability of humorous interaction between government officials and the target audience through digital communication channels to influence the formation of stereotypes regarding the country’s image. Methodologically, this study is a two-component content analysis of the news media and the Russian embassy Twitter account in London. The goals for which official state representatives use humor in the communication process are specified in the paper. In addition, the study attempts to analyze the basic components of the «image of the country» complex construct and to trace the role that humour plays in the formation of this image. The most obvious conclusion from this study is that a positive image of Russian humor is being formed among the followers of the Russian Embassy’s Twitter account. This perception outweighs the negative stereotypes about Russian humour broadcast by the press.

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The constitution and effects of country images: Theory and measurement of a central target construct in international public relations and public diplomacy

Cited by 9 publications

References 195 publications

Reputation spillover: corporate crises’ effects on country reputation

Reputation spillover: corporate crises’ effects on country reputation

How Does Language and Culture Form One Unique National Identity? A Case Study of Renaming the South China Sea to North Natuna Sea in Indonesia’s Foreign Policy Since 2016

Country image construction in the international scene: tactic application of state authorized humour

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