The consistent comparison problem in N-version software

Brilliant, Susan S.; Knight, John; Leveson, Nancy G.

doi:10.1109/32.41339

Cited by 57 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…where all nonfaulty replicates produce bitwise-identical output, particularly when output is generated at high frequencies [13]. However, in some systems non-faulty replicates might produce slightly different values [7]. For example, replicates might use data from different sensors or a different calculation algorithm.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

Improving Reliability of Real-Time Systems through Value and Time Voting

Aysan

Bate

Graydon

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE 19th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing

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Critical systems often use N-modular redundancy to tolerate faults in subsystems.Traditional approaches to N-modular redundancy in distributed, loosely-synchronised, real-time systems handle time and value errors separately: a voter detects value errors, while watchdog-based health monitoring detects timing errors. In prior work, we proposed the integrated Voting on Time and Value (VTV) strategy, which allows both timing and value errors to be detected simultaneously. In this paper, we show how VTV can be harnessed as part of an overall fault tolerance strategy and evaluate its performance using a well-known control application, the Inverted Pendulum. Through extensive simulations, we compare the performance of Inverted Pendulum systems which employs VTV and alternative voting strategies to demonstrate that VTV better tolerates well-recognised faults in this realistically complex control problem.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

Improving Reliability of Real-Time Systems through Value and Time Voting

Aysan

Bate

Graydon

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE 19th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing

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“…In particular, the system becomes subject to a variation of the consistent comparison problem raised in [14]. Consider a system with three instances, π 1 , π 2 and π 3 which, for a given input value x, produce three traces σ 1 , σ 2 and σ 3 respectively.…”

Section: B Multiple Instancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a formal framework for evaluating the effectiveness of system diversity when applied to security

Khoury

Hamou-Lhadj

Couture

2012

2012 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Security and Defence Applications

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N-version programming has been shown to be an effective way to increase the reliability of systems. In this study, we examine the possibility of extending this approach to address security, rather than reliability concerns. We focus specifically on how to evaluate the efficiency of the use of diversity for security. We show that while several key elements must be taken into account when N-version programming is used for security rather than reliability, it is nonetheless possible to devise a reasoning framework to evaluate the efficiency of this development paradigm in a security context. This framework allows us to reason about the most effective way to use diversity for security.

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“…Replicated nodes' output values can vary slightly, resulting in a range (or a set) of values which should be considered as correct to avoid consistency issues [5], later addressed by inexact voting strategies [14]. This phenomenon is also observed in the time domain due to, e.g., clock drifts, node failures, processing and scheduling variations at node level, and communication delays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Cascading Redundancy Approach for Dependable Real-Time Systems

Aysan

Dobrin

Punnekkat

2009

2009 15th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications

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Dependable real-time systems typically consist of tasks of multiple criticality levels and scheduling them in a faulttolerant manner is a challenging problem. Redundancy in the physical and temporal domains for achieving fault tolerance has been often dealt independently based on the types of errors one needs to tolerate. To our knowledge, there had been no work which tries to integrate fault tolerant scheduling and multiple redundancy mechanisms. In this paper we propose a novel cascading redundancy approach within a generic fault tolerant scheduling framework. The proposed approach is capable of tolerating errors with a wider coverage (with respect to error frequency and error types) than time and space redundancy in isolation, allows tasks with mixed criticality levels, is independent of the scheduling technique and, above all, ensures that every critical task instance can be feasibly replicated in both time and space.

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The consistent comparison problem in N-version software

Cited by 57 publications

References 2 publications

Improving Reliability of Real-Time Systems through Value and Time Voting

Improving Reliability of Real-Time Systems through Value and Time Voting

Towards a formal framework for evaluating the effectiveness of system diversity when applied to security

A Cascading Redundancy Approach for Dependable Real-Time Systems

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