The conservation of biodiverse continuous forests and patches may provide services that support oil palm yield: Evidence from satellite crop monitoring

Higher avian biodiversity, increased shrub cover and proximity to continuous forest may reduce pest insect crop loss in small‐scale oil palm farming

“…In our case, large continuous forests are expected to provide substantial and significant boost to the provisional of natural predation services compared with smaller forest patches. Although we did not obtain evidence that distance to forest patches could reduce foliage damages, all forested areas (both large continuous and small patches) should be retained from conversion to protect biodiversity and to maintain the provisional of ecosystem services, which benefit neighbouring landscape matrices (Karp et al., 2013; Oon et al., 2023; Tela et al., 2021). This is in particular, the case of human‐modified landscapes where small, isolated patches of natural landscapes can play important ecological roles, particularly when large continuous natural landscape does not exist (Lindenmayer, 2019).…”

“…Such findings are crucial evidence with regard to the ability of birds in providing cues for natural predation of herbivorous pests. Biological control of pests is particularly important within oil palm cultivation landscapes to maintain sustainable crop health and productivity (Koh, 2008a; Nurdiansyah et al., 2016; Oon et al., 2023). Parallel to our results, a previous study also highlighted the association between avian biodiversity and oil palm crop productivity (Razak et al., 2020).…”

“…Thus, oil palm cultivations that are adjacent to continuous natural forested areas are expected to experience some improvements of ecosystem services (e.g. natural predation; Nurdiansyah et al., 2016; Oon et al., 2023). In our case, large continuous forests are expected to provide substantial and significant boost to the provisional of natural predation services compared with smaller forest patches.…”

“…pruned fronds) on interplanting rows and (viii) elevation—refers to altitude measured above sea level (m). Landscape‐scale variables measured in this study include (i) distance to the continuous forest—refers to shortest measured distance (km) to a forest fragment that exceeds 10,000 ha in size and (ii) distance to the forest patch—refers to shortest measured distance (km) to a forest fragment that under 10,000 ha in size (Hazwan et al., 2022; Oon et al., 2023). Landscape‐scale variables were measured using ruler tool in QGIS.…”

Tecnologías innovadoras para el manejo de frutales, énfasis en caducifolios, aguacate y frutas tropicales

“…El monitoreo satelital utiliza imágenes y datos recopilados por satélites para realizar un seguimiento y análisis de las condiciones de los cultivos y las áreas agrícolas. Esta técnica permite obtener información valiosa sobre el crecimiento de los cultivos, la salud de las plantas y otros factores relacionados con la producción agrícola (Oon et al, 2023). Algunas de las aplicaciones en las que se utiliza el monitoreo satelital de cultivos son: (1) Seguimiento del crecimiento de plantas; (2) Detección temprana de estrés; (3) Estimación de rendimiento; (4) Optimización del riego; (5) Monitoreo de cambios en el uso de la tierra; (6) Alertas tempranas de eventos climáticos.…”