The Consequences of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy: A Review of the Human Literature

Fried, Peter A.

doi:10.1300/j175v02n03_06

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…[32, 33] Several researchers have argued that although individual studies may have had their limitations, the general trend noting negative consequences—even in very different study populations—support the concern about its risks. [29, 34]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Anything above marijuana takes priority”: Obstetric providers’ attitudes and counseling strategies regarding perinatal marijuana use

Holland

Nkumsah

Morrison

et al. 2016

Patient Education and Counseling

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Objective To describe obstetric provider attitudes, beliefs, approaches, concerns, and needs about addressing perinatal marijuana use with their pregnant patients. Methods We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with obstetric providers and asked them to describe their thoughts and experiences about addressing perinatal marijuana use. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded and reviewed to identify themes. Results Fifty-one providers participated in semi-structured interviews. Providers admitted they were not familiar with identified risks of marijuana use during pregnancy, they perceived marijuana was not as dangerous as other illicit drugs, and they believed patients did not view marijuana as a drug. Most provider counseling strategies focused on marijuana’s status as an illegal drug and the risk of child protective services being contacted if patients tested positive at time of delivery. Conclusions When counseling about perinatal marijuana use, obstetric providers focus more on legal issues than on health risks. They describe needing more information regarding medical consequences of marijuana use during pregnancy. Practice Implications Provider training should include information about potential consequences of perinatal marijuana use and address ways to improve obstetric providers’ counseling. Future studies should assess changes in providers’ attitudes as more states consider the legalization of marijuana.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Anything above marijuana takes priority”: Obstetric providers’ attitudes and counseling strategies regarding perinatal marijuana use

Holland

Nkumsah

Morrison

et al. 2016

Patient Education and Counseling

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…One of the most important aspects of preclinical work is the ability to control many of the confounding environmental and genetic factors that can adversely affect neurodevelopmental outcomes in human populations; a condition that is essential to determining the independent contribution of drug exposure (Fried, 2002). Most investigations have used rodent models to study oral or subcutaneous (sc) routes of exposure but a small number of investigations have employed inhalation or intravenous dosing (see Table 2).…”

Section: Insights From Experimental Work With Preclinical Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis use during pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and effects on child development

Grant

Petroff

Isoherranen

et al. 2018

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

188

159

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The broad-based legalization of cannabis use has created a strong need to understand its impact on human health and behavior. The risks that may be associated with cannabis use, particularly for sensitive subgroups such as pregnant women, are difficult to define because of a paucity of dose-response data and the recent increase in cannabis potency. Although there is a large body of evidence detailing the mode of action of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in adults, little work has focused on understanding how cannabis use during pregnancy may impact the development of the fetal nervous system and whether additional plant-derived cannabinoids might participate. This manuscript presents an overview of the historical and contemporary literature focused on the mode of action of THC in the developing brain, comparative pharmacokinetics in both pregnant and nonpregnant model systems and neurodevelopmental outcomes in exposed offspring. Despite growing public health significance, pharmacokinetic studies of THC have focused on nonpregnant adult subjects and there are few published reports on disposition parameters during pregnancy. Data from preclinical species show that THC readily crosses the placenta although fetal exposures appear lower than maternal exposures. The neurodevelopmental data in human and preclinical species suggest that prenatal exposure to THC may lead to subtle, persistent changes in targeted aspects of higher-level cognition and psychological well-being. There is an urgent need for well-controlled studies in humans and preclinical models on THC as a developmental neurotoxicant. Until more information is available, pregnant women should not assume that using cannabis during pregnancy is safe.

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“…In addition, we are unaware of any specific education campaigns, manuals, or policy statements focusing on marijuana use during pregnancy, from any federal agency or professional society. This is in spite of (a) marijuana’s clear status as the most prevalent illicit drug; (b) evidence that tobacco and marijuana use do not decline during pregnancy to the same extent as alcohol use [5,6]; (c) evidence that marijuana contains similar levels of respiratory irritants and carcinogens as tobacco, but causes larger tar deposition and higher levels of carbon monoxide inhalation [7–9]; and (d) growing evidence that marijuana use during pregnancy is associated with deficits in growth and neurobehavioral functioning [10–12]. …”

Section: Prevalence and Perceived Financial Costs Of Marijuana Versusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Perceived Financial Costs of Marijuana versus Tobacco use among Urban Low-Income Pregnant Women

Beatty

Svikis²,

Ondersma³

2012

J Addict Res Ther

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Objective To examine the relative prevalence of marijuana and tobacco use among low-income post-partum women, using self-report, urine, and hair testing data; and to further explore perceptions of the substances among postpartum women by evaluating perceived risk and monetary cost of prenatal marijuana versus tobacco use. Methods Data from two studies were available for a total of 100 (Study 1) and 50 (Study 2) low-income, primarily African-American post-partum women. Study 1 participants completed brief self-report measures of substance use as well as urine and hair samples; study 2 participants completed a brief opinion survey regarding the risks and monetary costs of prenatal marijuana use. Results In Study 1, the self-reported prevalence of any tobacco or marijuana use in the past three months was 17% and 11%, respectively. However, objectively-defined marijuana use was more prevalent than self-reported tobacco use: 14% tested positive for marijuana by urinalysis, and 28% by hair analysis. Study 2 participants were more likely to believe that there is a safe level of marijuana use during pregnancy, and nearly half believed that using marijuana during pregnancy was less expensive than smoking cigarettes. Conclusion Marijuana use may be as or more prevalent than tobacco use among low-income, African-American pregnant women. These findings may in part be attributable to perceptions of roughly equivalent cost and the lack of a clear public health message regarding prenatal marijuana use, combined with growing pro-marijuana advocacy. A broader public health response to address prenatal marijuana use, along with other substances of abuse, is needed.

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The Consequences of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy: A Review of the Human Literature

Cited by 7 publications

References 54 publications

“Anything above marijuana takes priority”: Obstetric providers’ attitudes and counseling strategies regarding perinatal marijuana use

“Anything above marijuana takes priority”: Obstetric providers’ attitudes and counseling strategies regarding perinatal marijuana use

Cannabis use during pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and effects on child development

Prevalence and Perceived Financial Costs of Marijuana versus Tobacco use among Urban Low-Income Pregnant Women

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