The Consequences in Young Adulthood of Adolescent Drug Involvement

Kandel, Denise B.; Davies, Mark; Karus, Daniel; Yamaguchi, Kazuo

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800080032005

Cited by 455 publications

(265 citation statements)

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“…Specifically, early drug use has been associated with poor employment outcomes. For example, studies have found an association of early drug use with lower occupational expectations, unemployment, and job instability (Brook et al, 2002; Brook, Ritcher, Green Whiteman, & Cohen, 1999;Fergusson & Horwood, 1997;Kandel, Davies, Karus, & Yamaguchi, 1986;Kandel & Yamaguchi, 1987;Newcomb & Bentler, 1985).Studies have found that early drug use predicts both premature involvement in marriage (Newcomb & Bentler, 1985) and delayed involvement in marriage (White, Bates, & Labouvie, 1998) as well as marital and family difficulties, including higher levels of divorce and lower marital satisfaction (Horowitz & White, 1991;Kandel et al, 1986;Newcomb & Bentler, 1988). Researchers have found that adolescent drug use puts an individual at increased risk of early pregnancy (Krohn, Lizotte, & Perez, 1997;Newcomb & Bentler, 1985) and unintended premarital pregnancy (Brook et al, 2002;Halikas, Weller, Morse, & Hoffman, 1983;Kandel et al, 1986).…”

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“…Researchers have found that adolescent drug use puts an individual at increased risk of early pregnancy (Krohn, Lizotte, & Perez, 1997;Newcomb & Bentler, 1985) and unintended premarital pregnancy (Brook et al, 2002;Halikas, Weller, Morse, & Hoffman, 1983;Kandel et al, 1986). Mensch and Kandel (1992) found that this increased risk of premarital pregnancy attributed to early drug use may be the result of an increase in the risk of early sexual experimentation.…”

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“…One of the most reliable findings of the long-term consequences of early marijuana use is later drug use (Ensminger, Juon, & Fothergill, 2002;Kandel et al, 1986;Merline, O'Malley, Schulenberg, Bachman, & Johnson, 2004;Newcomb & Bentler, 1988;Stein, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1987;White, Bates, & Labouvie, 1998 There is mounting evidence that gender plays such an important role in drug use. In fact, men and women have different risk factors, opportunities to use, and rates of use (Ensminger, Brown, & Kellam, 1982;Kellam, Ensminger, & Simon, 1980;Lex, 1991;Van Etten & Anthony, 1999).…”

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Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans.

Green¹,

Ensminger²

2006

Developmental Psychology

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The authors examined the effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use on employment, marriage, and family formation and tested both dropping out of high school and adult marijuana use as potential mediators of these associations among a community sample of African Americans followed longitudinally from age 6 to age 32-33. They used propensity score matching to reduce selection bias when estimating the effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use. Logistic regression results on the sample matched on sex, and early demographic and behavioral variables showed that adolescent marijuana use has adult social behavioral consequences: Use of marijuana 20 times or more during adolescence was associated with being unemployed and unmarried in young adulthood and having children outside of marriage for both males and females. Dropping out of high school and more frequent adult marijuana use seem to be important parts of the pathway from adolescent marijuana use to negative life outcomes. Keywords adolescent marijuana use; social behavioral functioning; longitudinal studies; long-term consequences Marijuana is the most common of all illicit substances used by adolescents. Findings from the Monitoring the Future Survey, a national annual survey of students, show that over 20% of high school seniors report current use, 34% report use in the past year, and almost half (45%) report lifetime use of marijuana (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2005). Although the literature consistently discusses the widespread nature of adolescent marijuana use and the risk factors associated with use, considerably less is known about the effects of adolescent marijuana use on later functioning (Brook, Adams, Balka, & Johnson, 2002;Newcomb, 1997), especially in minority populations (Beauvais & Oetting, 2002). Even though many of the concurrent effects that result from teenage drug use (e.g., memory and attention impairment, risky decision making, driving injuries and fatalities, delinquentCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kerry M. Green, who is now at the Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205. kgreen@jhsph.edu. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript activities, and estrangement from traditional institutions) have been supported empirically (see Hall & Solowij, 1998, for review), longer term consequences of adolescent drug use and the mechanisms explaining such effects are not well understood. Although most teenage marijuana use is time-limited and typically ends by one's mid-20s (Bachman, Wadsworth, O'Malley, Johnston, & Schulenberg, 1997), it is unclear if effects persist after use desists or even develop later in life. This information would be useful in developing drug prevention and intervention programs.Because adolescence is an important time for the development of skills necessary to function as an adult in society, marijuana use, especially hea...

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confidence: 99%

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Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans.

Green¹,

Ensminger²

2006

Developmental Psychology

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“…The context and meaning of adolescent drinking, and probably its consequences, are, therefore, different from alcohol consumption in young adulthood, which is legal at age 21. Furthermore, trajectories of early heavy drinking are associated with later alcohol abuse and dependence in young adulthood as well as with numerous negative social and personal outcomes (Guo et al, 2002;Hill et al, 2000;Kandel et al, 1986;Bentler, 1987, 1988). Focusing on alcohol use during adolescence is important because it sets the stage for later alcohol misuse and health problems and, therefore, has unique implications for prevention.…”

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Adolescent heavy episodic drinking trajectories and health in young adulthood.

et al. 2004

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ABSTRACT. Objective: This study examined the association of trajectories of heavy episodic drinking (at least five alcoholic drinks on one occasion) during adolescence with health status and practices at age 24. Method: Semiparametric group-based modeling and logistic regressions were used to analyze data from a longitudinal panel of 808 youths interviewed between 10 and 24 years of age. Results: Four distinct trajectories of adolescent heavy episodic drinking were identified: nonheavy drinkers, late onsetters, escalators and chronic heavy drinkers. Overall, young adults who did not engage in heavy episodic drinking during adolescence had the lowest occurrence of health problems and were most likely to engage in safe health behaviors at age 24. Chronic and late-onset heavy episodic drinking during adolescence had negative effects on health status and practices at age 24. Adolescent chronic heavy drinkers were more likely to be overweight or obese and to have high blood pressure at age 24 than those who did not drink heavily in adolescence. Late-onset heavy drinkers were less likely to engage in safe driving practices at age 24 and were more likely to have been ill in the past year than adolescents who did not drink heavily. These health disparities remained even after current frequency of heavy episodic drinking at age 24, other adolescent drug use, ethnicity, gender and family poverty were controlled. Conclusions: Heavy episodic alcohol use during adolescence has long-term, negative health consequences. Distinct patterns of adolescent heavy drinking affect health status and practices in young adulthood differently. (J. Stud. Alcohol 65: [204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212] 2004)

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“…Such an approach focuses on level of binge drinking as the predictor, and examines trends in the sample. For example, Kandel and her colleagues (Kandel et al, 1986) examined the consequences of age 15-16 drug use (past 12 months of use adjusted by frequency of use) on age 24-25 outcomes. They found that the strongest consequence of drug use is on subsequent use itself.…”

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Early Adult Outcomes of Adolescent Binge Drinking: Person- and Variable-Centered Analyses of Binge Drinking Trajectories

Hill¹,

White²,

Chung³

et al. 2000

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

166

229

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Background-Many studies of the consequences of binge drinking take a variable-centered approach that may mask developmentally different trajectories. Recent studies have reported qualitatively different binge drinking trajectories in young adulthood. However, analyses of developmental trajectories of binge drinking have not been examined for an important period of drinking development: adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine young adult outcomes of adolescent binge drinking using an approach that combines person-centered and variable-centered methods.

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The Consequences in Young Adulthood of Adolescent Drug Involvement

Cited by 455 publications

References 21 publications

Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans.

Adult social behavioral effects of heavy adolescent marijuana use among African Americans.

Adolescent heavy episodic drinking trajectories and health in young adulthood.

Early Adult Outcomes of Adolescent Binge Drinking: Person- and Variable-Centered Analyses of Binge Drinking Trajectories

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