The Conotruncus: I. Its Normal Inversion and Conus Absorption

Goor, Daniel A.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.46.3.635

Cited by 41 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Both conus and truncus arise in early heart development. This finding supports the notion that phylogenetically the primitive conus has been condensed into the ventricle (VanPraagh and VanPraagh, 1966;Goor et al, 1972;Lev, 1972, Anderson et al, 1974Clark et al, 1984). Some investigators suggest that the teleost bulbus is of cardiac origin (Yamauchi, 1980;Farrell and Jones, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Cardiac morphology and blood pressure in the adult zebrafish

2001

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Zebrafish has become a popular model for the study of cardiovascular development. We performed morphologic analysis on 3 months postfertilization zebrafish hearts (n Ն 20) with scanning electron microscopy, hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining, and morphometric analysis on cell organelles with transmission electron photomicrographs. We measured atrial, ventricular, ventral, and dorsal aortic blood pressures (n Ն 5) with a servonull system. The atrioventricular orifice was positioned on the dorsomedial side of the anterior ventricle, surmounted by the single-chambered atrium. The atrioventricular valve was free of tension apparati but supported by papillary bands to prevent retrograde flow. The ventricle was spanned with fine trabeculae perpendicular to the compact layer and perforated with a subepicardial network of coronary arteries, which originated from the efferent branchial arteries by means of the main coronary vessel. Ventricular myocytes were larger than those in the atrium (P Ͻ 0.05) with abundant mitochondria close to the sarcolemmal. Sarcoplasmic reticulum was sparse in zebrafish ventricle. Bulbus arteriosus was located anterior to the ventricle, and functioned as an elastic reservoir to absorb the rapid rise of pressure during ventricular contraction. The dense matrix of collagen interspersed across the entire bulbus arteriosus exemplified the characteristics of vasculature smooth muscle. There were pressure gradients from atrium to ventricle, and from ventral to dorsal aorta, indicating that the valves and the branchial arteries, respectively, were points of resistance to blood flow. These data serve as a framework for structure-function investigations of the zebrafish cardiovascular system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Cardiac morphology and blood pressure in the adult zebrafish

2001

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“…Now, in this regard, we are tempted to advance a speculation. Indeed, the proximal conus absorption pulling down the distal conus and the truncus, as indicated by several authors (Goor et al, 1972;Pexieder, 1975;Watanabe et al, 2001), might produce, we think, some sort of sliding of the myocardial cuff down along the cardiac jelly, thereby allowing the aortic sac to envelop the intercalated truncal swellings and ultimately the developing sinuses of Valsalva. In this respect, it is also important to emphasize, as previously mentioned, that since no apoptosis was identified along the truncal myocardial wall (Ya et al, 1998a), as a consequence, the myocardial retraction is not to be referred to as a programmed cell death.…”

Section: Truncal Septation: Development Of the Arterial Valvesmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Indeed, previous studies on human embryos (Goor et al, 1972;Lomonico et al, 1986) and chick embryos (Dor and Corone, 1985;Thompson et al, 1987) suggested that the conotruncus undergoes this sort of rotation during its remodeling.…”

Section: Secondary Heart Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is essential to point out, as emphasized by Van Mierop et al (1978), that ''truncus'' in embryological terms should not be extended to the common arterial trunk, which is an aortic sac derivative from which the suprasemilunar ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk arteries develop. The conus is that portion of the outflow tract proximal to the ventricles, which, after proper septation and rotational remodeling, persists in the definitive normal heart as subpulmonary infundibulum, whereas it disappears, by myocardial regressive absorption, in the subaortic side (Goor et al, 1972;Pexieder, 1975).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart

et al. 2006

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A review concerning some embryogenetic aspects of the cardiac outflow tract is presented. Two main topics are discussed: the truncal septation and the secondary heart field. In the context of the septation of the truncus arteriosus, the development of the arterial valves is largely discussed, particularly in reference to the sinuses of Valsalva. Emphasis is also given to the fate of the external myocardial wall of the truncus arteriosus, as this primordial myocardial surface disappears later in the development. Molecular genetics data concerning Sox4 and NF-Atc transcription factors are correlated in the present review with rare forms of truncus malformations encountered in human pathology. The roles exerted by the secondary heart field and the neural crest on the development and growth of the conotruncal musculature are largely discussed. Reported experimental ablations of both secondary heart field and neural crest, showed conotruncal defects such as persistent truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, and double-outlet right ventricle, which were considered as the result of a short outflow tract causing, ultimately, a lack of conotruncal rotation. In this regard, some morphologic correlations are carried out, in the present review, between these experimental animal models and human malformations, and it is thought that this sort of conotruncal defects cannot be explained always in terms of conotruncal hypoplasia. Finally, influence of Pitx2c, a left-right laterality signaling gene, on the modulation of the conotruncal rotation, as most recently reported, is emphasized in terms of very likely multifactorial contributions in the embryogenesis of the conotruncal region of the heart. Anat Rec Part A, 288A: 936-943, 2006

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“…These results suggest that a tightly regulated level of apoptosis is critical for normal OFT morphogenesis and that genetic or environmental factors that perturb apoptosis in this region may result in cardiac defects. Mammalian hearts (rat, mouse, and human) have been reported to undergo outflow tract morphogenesis resembling that described for chicken embryos, with shortening or "regression," rotation, and septation (Goor, 1972;Ya et al, 1998;Anderson et al, 2003). Cell death in the endocardium was reported many years ago (Pexieder, 1975) and investigated in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Apoptosis in the developing mouse heart

Barbosky

Lawrence

Karunamuni

et al. 2006

Developmental Dynamics

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Apoptosis occurs at high frequency in the myocardium of the developing avian cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Upor down-regulating apoptosis results in defects resembling human conotruncal heart anomalies. This finding suggested that regulated levels of apoptosis are critical for normal morphogenesis of the four-chambered heart. Recent evidence supports an important role for hypoxia of the OFT myocardium in regulating cell death and vasculogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether apoptosis in the outflow tract myocardium occurs in the mouse heart during developmental stages comparable to the avian heart and to determine whether differential hypoxia is also present at this site in the murine heart. Apoptosis was detected using a fluorescent vital dye, Lysotracker Red (LTR), in the OFT myocardium of the mouse starting at embryonic day (E) 12.5, peaking at E13.5-14.5, and declining thereafter to low or background levels by E18.5. In addition, high levels of apoptosis were detected in other cardiac regions, including the apices of the ventricles and along the interventricular sulcus. Apoptosis in the myocardium was detected by double-labeling with LTR and cardiomyocyte markers. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick endlabeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining for cleaved Caspase-3 were used to confirm the LTR results. At the peak of OFT apoptosis in the mouse, the OFT myocardium was relatively hypoxic, as indicated by specific and intense EF5 staining and HIF1␣ nuclear localization, and was surrounded by the developing vasculature as in the chicken embryo. These findings suggest that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for normal morphogenesis of the outflow tract myocardium in avian and mammalian species.

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The Conotruncus: I. Its Normal Inversion and Conus Absorption

Cited by 41 publications

References 4 publications

Cardiac morphology and blood pressure in the adult zebrafish

Cardiac morphology and blood pressure in the adult zebrafish

Cardiac outflow tract: A review of some embryogenetic aspects of the conotruncal region of the heart

Apoptosis in the developing mouse heart

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