The Connections of the Medial Part of the Subthalamic Nucleus in the Rat: Evidence for a Parallel Organization

Berendse, H.W.; Groenewegen, Henk J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5871-8_10

Cited by 34 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Indeed, the latency of such early responses was found to be in the range of the conduction time of prefrontal -STN pathway determined by antidromic activation. Moreover, in agreement with the topographical organization of prefrontal -STN projections cells that responded to PL / MO stimulation were located in the medial STN (Berendse and Groenewegen, 1991). It has been previously reported that stimulation of the prelimbic cortex evoked a late, but not an early excitation of STN cells (Ryan and Clark, 1991).…”

Section: Origin Of the Early Excitatory Responsesupporting

confidence: 85%

“…As shown more recently, the STN also receives projections from the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that it participates not only in sensorimotor but also in prefrontal circuits of the basal ganglia (Berendse and Groenewegen, 1991). In addition, we have recently shown that PL/MO areas of the prefrontal cortex may also influence the activity of STN cells through an indirect disinhibitory circuit that involves a restricted region of the ventral striatum, the core of nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and the ventral pallidum (VP) (Montaron et al, 1996;Maurice et al, 1997Maurice et al, , 1998.…”

Section: Abstract: Basal Ganglia Circuits; Prefrontal Cortex; Subthamentioning

confidence: 68%

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Relationships between the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia in the Rat: Physiology of the Corticosubthalamic Circuits

et al. 1998

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The prelimbic-medial orbital areas (PL/MO) of the prefrontal cortex are connected to the medial part of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) through a direct projection and an indirect circuit that involves the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral pallidum (VP). In the present study, the influence of the PL/MO on the discharge of STN cells has been characterized. The major pattern of the responses observed after stimulation of PL/MO consisted of two excitatory peaks often separated by a brief inhibitory period. The early excitation was most likely to be caused by the activation of direct cortical inputs because its latency matches the conduction time of the prefrontal STN projections. The late excitation resulted from the activation of the indirect PL/MO-STN pathway that operates through a disinhibitory process. Indeed, the late excitation was no longer observed after acute blockade of the glutamatergic corticostriatal transmission by CNQX application into the NAcc. A similar effect was obtained after the blockade of the GABAergic striatopallidal transmission by bicuculline application into the VP. Finally, the brief inhibition that followed the early excitation was likely to result from the activation of a feedback inhibitory loop through VP because this inhibition was no longer observed after the blockade of STN inputs by CNQX application into the VP. This study further indicates the implication of STN in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits and underlines that in addition to a direct excitatory input, medial STN receives an indirect excitatory influence from PL/MO through an NAcc-VP-STN disinhibitory circuit. Key words: basal ganglia circuits; prefrontal cortex; subthalamic nucleus; ventral striatum; nucleus accumbens; ventral pallidum; in vivo single unit recordings; ratThe subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a major component of the basal ganglia, and its critical role in the control of movement is well established. Pathological damage to the STN in humans or STN lesions in monkeys induce hemiballism (Whittier, 1947;Carpenter et al., 1950;Crossman, 1987). In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys, an animal model of Parkinson's disease, abnormal activity of STN neurons has been observed, and lesions or high-frequency stimulation of the STN ameliorates akinesia and rigidity (Bergman et al., 1990;Benazzouz et al., 1993). High-frequency stimulation of the STN is now successf ully applied to improve akinesia and rigidity in Parkinsonian patients (Limousin et al., 1995).In current models of the basal ganglia circuitry, the striatum and the STN are the two major structures through which cortical signals are transmitted to the output structures of the basal ganglia, i.e., the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SN R) and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990; Parent and Hazrati, 1995a,b). Indeed, both the striatum and the STN receive direct excitatory cortical inputs and send projections to the SN R and the GPi. Because the projection neurons of the stri...

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Section: Origin Of the Early Excitatory Responsesupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Abstract: Basal Ganglia Circuits; Prefrontal Cortex; Subthamentioning

confidence: 68%

Relationships between the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia in the Rat: Physiology of the Corticosubthalamic Circuits

et al. 1998

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“…OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic/infralimbic cortex in the rat); ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; H, hippocampal formation; BLA, basolateral amygdala; CeA, central nucleus of the amygdala; Acb, nucleus accumbens; STN, subthalamic nucleus; VP, ventral pallidum; MD, mediodorsal; VTA, ventral tegmental area; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta. Not all structures and connections are shown; for example, there are projections from prefrontal cortical regions, including the OFC, to the STN (Berendse & Groenewegen, 1991;Hamani et al, 2004;Maurice et al, 1998). in additional to correlational studies using functional imaging, microdialysis, and electrophysiology. These studies centre on interconnected structures forming part of the limbic corticostriatal loop (Fig.…”

Section: Neuroanatomically Specific Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural systems implicated in delayed and probabilistic reinforcement

2006

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This review considers the theoretical problems facing agents that must learn and choose on the basis of reward or reinforcement that is uncertain or delayed, in implicit or procedural (stimulus-response) representational systems and in explicit or declarative (action-outcome-value) representational systems. Individual differences in sensitivity to delays and uncertainty may contribute to impulsivity and risk taking. Learning and choice with delayed and uncertain reinforcement are related but in some cases dissociable processes. The contributions to delay and uncertainty discounting of neuromodulators including serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, and of specific neural structures including the nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens shell, orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal (prelimbic/infralimbic) cortex, insula, subthalamic nucleus, and hippocampus are examined.

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“…Whether the principle of a parallel processing of information originating from functionally distinct cortical areas also applies to the transsubthalamic basal ganglia circuits remains to be established. Indeed, it has been shown that the direct cortical inputs to the STN only originate from the prefrontal and motor cortices and innervate the entire STN with a mediolateral topography (Afshapour, 1985;Canteras et al, 1990;Berendse and Groenewegen, 1991;Nambu et al, 1996). In addition, the indirect cortico-striatopallido-subthalamic pathways that are derived from the whole cerebral cortex also innervate the entire STN in a topographical manner (for review, see Joel and Weiner, 1997;Smith et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Segregation and Convergence of Information Flow through the Cortico-Subthalamic Pathways

et al. 2001

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Cortico-basal ganglia circuits are organized in parallel channels. Information flow from functionally distinct cortical areas remains segregated within the striatum and through its direct projections to basal ganglia output structures. Whether such a segregation is maintained in trans-subthalamic circuits is still questioned. The effects of electrical stimulation of prefrontal, motor, and auditory cortex were analyzed in the subthalamic nucleus as well as in the striatum of anesthetized rats. In the striatum, cells (n ϭ 300) presenting an excitatory response to stimulation of these cortical areas were located in distinct striatal territories, and none of the cells responded to two cortical stimulation sites. In the subthalamic nucleus, both prefrontal and motor cortex stimulations induced early and late excitatory responses as a result of activation of the direct cortico-subthalamic pathway and of the indirect cortico-striatopallido-subthalamic pathway, respectively. Stimulation of the auditory cortex, which does not send direct projection to the subthalamic nucleus, induced only late excitatory responses. Among the subthalamic responding cells (n ϭ 441), a few received both prefrontal and motor cortex (n ϭ 19) or prefrontal and auditory cortex (n ϭ 10) excitatory inputs, whereas a larger number of cells were activated from both motor and auditory cortices (n ϭ 48). The data indicate that the segregation of cortical information flow originating from prefrontal, motor, and auditory cortices that occurred in the striatum is only partly maintained in the subthalamic nucleus. It can be proposed that the existence of specific patterns of convergence of information flow from these functionally distinct cortical areas in the subthalamic nucleus allows interactions between parallel channels. Key words: prefrontal cortex; motor cortex; auditory cortex; striatum; subthalamus; basal ganglia; rat; ketamineThe striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are the two main structures through which cortical signals are transmitted to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, i.e., the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) (Albin et al., 1989). Both the striatum and the STN receive direct excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex. Through its direct GABAergic projections, the striatum exerts an inhibitory influence on the SNR and the GPi whereas, via its glutamatergic projection neurons, the STN provides a major excitatory drive to these structures (Kitai and Kita, 1987;Smith et al., 1998). The STN also receives cortical information through a multisynaptic circuit involving the striatum and the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) (Albin et al., 1989, Smith et al., 1998. Via this indirect circuit, the cerebral cortex activates the STN through a disinhibitory process (Maurice et al., 1998). Thus, the direct striatal inputs and the trans-subthalamic pathways exert opposite effects on the output structures of the basal ganglia (Maurice et al., 1999;Nambu et al., 2000).Sup...

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The Connections of the Medial Part of the Subthalamic Nucleus in the Rat: Evidence for a Parallel Organization

Cited by 34 publications

References 23 publications

Relationships between the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia in the Rat: Physiology of the Corticosubthalamic Circuits

Relationships between the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia in the Rat: Physiology of the Corticosubthalamic Circuits

Neural systems implicated in delayed and probabilistic reinforcement

Segregation and Convergence of Information Flow through the Cortico-Subthalamic Pathways

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