The Conjunctiva and Tear Film Maintenance

Calonge, Margarita; Stern, Michael E.

doi:10.1201/b14144-9

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…[35][36][37] Research has shown that lacrimal gland and meibomian gland functions are significantly affected by sex and sex hormones. 38 Sjögren syndrome is the most well-known disease known to affect the aqueous layer of the tear film through its autoimmune-initiating lacrimal gland damage. Sjögren syndrome is also associated with a higher frequency of meibomian gland dysfunction, which affects the tear film lipid layer and can lead to excess evaporation.…”

Section: Factors That Affect Tfbut Diseases Associated With Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

The Ocular Protection Index

Ousler

Hagberg

Schindelar

et al. 2008

Cornea

114

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The interaction of the time between blinks, or the interblink interval (IBI), and tear film breakup time (TFBUT) helps to regulate the integrity of the ocular surface. A protected surface exists when the TFBUT matches or exceeds the IBI. In contrast, an unprotected surface exists when TFBUT is less than the IBI. This is clinically relevant because repeated intermittent exposure of a tear film-deficient cornea can lead to ocular discomfort and the development of clinical signs, such as keratitis and redness. The relationship between TFBUT and IBI has been quantified by the Ocular Protection Index (OPI), which is calculated by dividing TFBUT by IBI. If the OPI is <1.0, the patient has an exposed ocular surface, putting them at risk for the development of the signs and symptoms of dry eye, whereas if the OPI is >or=1.0, the patient's ocular surface is tear film protected. The OPI has proven to be useful in assessing the factors that may cause or exacerbate dry eye. This review discusses the development and use of the OPI model, its relationship to dry eye, and factors that are known to alter blink rate and tear film integrity.

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Section: Factors That Affect Tfbut Diseases Associated With Dry Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

The Ocular Protection Index

Ousler

Hagberg

Schindelar

et al. 2008

Cornea

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Considerable evidence supports a positive influence of androgen on lacrimal gland secretion, and it is also likely to have an anti-inflammatory role in that tissue 4 5. Androgens promote the production of lipids by the meibomian glands,6 and androgen deficiency may cause meibomian gland disease 4 7–10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Androgens promote the production of lipids by the meibomian glands,6 and androgen deficiency may cause meibomian gland disease 4 7–10. Although topical and systemic androgen administration is purported to improve signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and dry eye,4 11–15 this is yet to be confirmed in prospective and controlled clinical trials. Two retrospective case series describe improved dry eye symptoms following transdermal androgen patch therapy in women with low testosterone16 and after combined androgen and oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women 15.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal evidence and human in vitro studies suggest that oestrogen inhibits meibomian gland secretion,4 where it may also promote inflammation 18 19. Its effect on corneal epithelium and in the lacrimal gland is unclear; in both tissues, it can have both a proinflammatory and an anti-inflammatory effect (see Truong et al 3 for review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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