Literary production in Victorian Canada was shaped by challenges related to the predicament of culture in a settler colony, including the use of imported language and forms and the difficulty of staking claims to literature's rootedness or cultural distinctiveness. It was also shaped by conditions that dictated the transnational context of publication and readership: the lack of copyright protection for locally published books and, towards the end of the century, the dominance of American mass‐market culture. Mid‐century prose documented the great wave of immigration from the British Isles in descriptive sketches, life writing, and advice to prospective emigrants. In fiction the favored genres were historical romance and local color given the urgency of the need to supply Canada with a heroic past and with evidence of cultural particularity. Allegories of courtship and marriage adjudicated questions of cultural identity following the political absorption of French into English Canada. French Canada was incorporated as the premodern, mythic past of the new English‐speaking Dominion in historical romances. Indigenous characters appeared in the literature as the representatives of civilization in a primitive stage, although elements of their cultures were occasionally borrowed in the conscious myth‐making of Euro‐Canadians. The realist animal story is a notable departure from the rule of romance in fiction. In poetry, the period sees a transition from abstract patriotism and the enthusiastic conquering of nature to lyrics seeking reconciliation with nature and displaying a new sharpness of imagery.