The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US.

Annau, Zoltan; Kamin, Leon J.

doi:10.1037/h0042199

Cited by 568 publications

(340 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It was assumed that, the longer the latency time, the stronger the freezing (and, therefore, the stronger the conditioning). The goal of the third step was to establish a baseline of animal's activity before CS onset (Annau & Kamin, 1961). Therefore, latencies to reach 4 blocks of 25 activity counts (i.e., 100 activity counts) were recorded (Hurwitz & Davis, 1983).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Esmoris-Arranz¹,

Méndez²,

Spear³

2008

Behavioural Processes

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Contextual fear conditioning was tested in infant, adolescent, and adult rats in terms of Pavlovian conditioned suppression. When a discrete auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with footshock (unconditioned stimulus, US) within the largely olfactory context, infants and adolescents conditioned to the context with substantial effectiveness but adult rats did not. When unpaired presentations of the CS and US occurred within the context, contextual fear conditioning was strong for adults, weak for infants, but about as strong for adolescents as when pairings of CS and US occurred in the context. Nonreinforced presentations of either the CS or context markedly reduced contextual fear conditioning in infants, but, in adolescents, CS extinction had no effect on contextual fear conditioning, although context extinction significantly reduced it. Neither CS extinction nor context extinction affected responding to the CS-context compound in infants, suggesting striking discrimination between the compound and its components. Female adolescents showed the same lack of effect of component extinction on response to the compound as infants, but CS extinction reduced responding to the compound in adolescent males, a sex difference seen also in adults. Theoretical implications are discussed for the development of perceptual-cognitive processing and hippocampus role. Keywordscontextual fear conditioning; fear extinction; learning; olfactory context; hippocampus; ontogeny Contextual fear conditioning has received a lot of attention from behavioral neuroscientists during the last decade (e.g., Anagnostaras, Gale, & Fanselow, 2001;Fanselow & Poulos, 2004;Phillips & LeDoux, 1992). The purpose of this report is to assess the effectiveness of contextual fear conditioning experiments by rats at each of three disparate periods of ontogeny: late infancy, adolescence and early adulthood. The ontogeny of contextual fear conditioning is of interest because --in relation to conditioning of other events within the context--it can Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. provide a window to the ontogeny of encoding and memory organization (e.g., Brasser & Spear, 2004;Lariviere, Chen, & Spear, 1990), and because it has been used as a marker for the development of brain function important for memory (e.g., Pugh & Rudy, 1996;Rudy & Morledge, 1994). NIH Public AccessSeveral experiments led to the conclusion that acquisition of an aversion to a particular context paired with footshock is less effective in rats during late infancy (postnatal days 17-20, P17-20) than in weaned juvenile ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Esmoris-Arranz¹,

Méndez²,

Spear³

2008

Behavioural Processes

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“…The measure of conditioning was a standard suppression ratio (Annau & Kamin, 1961) computed by dividing the response rate during CS presentations by the sum of response rates during CS presentations and for 2 min prior to CS presentations. With this measure, a score of 0 indicates complete suppression (conditioning), a score of SO indicates no effect of stimulus presentation, and a score of more than SO indicates a facilitator-y effect of CS presentation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of inhibition after serial and simultaneous feature negative discrimination training

Holland

Lamarre

1984

Learning and Motivation

127

185

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“…These data were used to calculate the standard suppression ratio (e.g., Annau and Kamin 1961) defined as C/(C + P), where C is the number of responses made during the CS, and P is the number of responses made during the equivalent pre-CS period. A score of 0.5 denotes no lever-press suppression during the CS (i.e., no fear), whereas a score of 0 denotes complete suppression of responding during the CS (i.e., substantial conditioned fear).…”

Section: Dependent Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first three experiments employed the conditioned emotional response (CER) method (Estes and Skinner 1941), in which a CS is paired with shock, and the index of fear conditioning is the ability of the CS to suppress an ongoing operant baseline reinforced by food. This method has a long history in the study of fear conditioning (e.g., Annau and Kamin 1961;Rescorla 1968;Kamin 1969;Randich and Rescorla 1981;Bouton and King 1983). Experiments 4 and 5 used an appetitive-conditioning preparation in which the CS was paired with food pellets and conditioning was indexed by the number of times the rat inspected the food cup (e.g., Lattal 1999;Bouton and Sunsay 2003;Rescorla 2004bRescorla , 2006Morris and Bouton 2006).…”

mentioning

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Immediate extinction causes a less durable loss of performance than delayed extinction following either fear or appetitive conditioning

Woods¹,

Bouton²

2008

Learn. Mem.

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Five experiments with rat subjects compared the effects of immediate and delayed extinction on the durability of extinction learning. Three experiments examined extinction of fear conditioning (using the conditioned emotional response method), and two experiments examined extinction of appetitive conditioning (using the food-cup entry method). In all experiments, conditioning and extinction were accomplished in single sessions, and retention testing took place 24 h after extinction. In both fear and appetitive conditioning, immediate extinction (beginning 10 min after conditioning) caused a faster loss of responding than delayed extinction (beginning 24 h after conditioning). However, immediate extinction was less durable than delayed extinction: There was stronger spontaneous recovery during the final retention test. There was also substantial renewal of responding when the physical context was changed between immediate extinction and testing (Experiment 1). The results suggest that, in these two widely used conditioning preparations, immediate extinction does not erase or depotentiate the original learning, and instead creates a less permanent reduction in conditioned responding. Results did not support the possibility that the strong recovery after immediate extinction was due to a mismatch in the recent "context" provided by the presence or absence of a recent conditioning experience. Several other accounts are considered.

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The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US.

Cited by 568 publications

References 8 publications

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Contextual fear conditioning differs for infant, adolescent, and adult rats

Transfer of inhibition after serial and simultaneous feature negative discrimination training

Immediate extinction causes a less durable loss of performance than delayed extinction following either fear or appetitive conditioning

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