The Composition of Hyperacute Serum and Platelet-Rich Plasma Is Markedly Different despite the Similar Production Method

Abstract

Autologous blood derived products, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) are widely applied in regenerative therapies, in contrast to the drawbacks in their application, mainly deriving from the preparation methods used. Eliminating the disadvantages of both PRP and PRF, hyperacute serum (HAS) opens a new path in autologous serum therapy showing similar or even improved regenerative potential at the same time. Despite the frequent experimental and clinical use of PRP and HAS, their protein composition has not been examined thoroughly yet. Thus, we investigated and compared the composition of HAS, serum, PRP and plasma products using citrate and EDTA by simple laboratory tests, and we compared the composition of HAS, serum, EDTA PRP and plasma by Proteome Profiler and ELISA assays. According to our results the natural ionic balance was upset in both EDTA and citrate PRP as well as in plasma. EDTA PRP contained significantly higher level of growth factors and cytokines, especially platelet derived angiogenic and inflammatory proteins, that can be explained by the significantly higher number of platelets in EDTA PRP. The composition analysis of blood derivatives revealed that although the preparation method of PRP and HAS were similar, the ionic and protein composition of HAS could be advantageous for cell function.

The Effect of Blood-Derived Products on the Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Originated from Three Different Locations

“…In the case of hyperacute serum, the "natural" coagulation cascade is not delayed or stooped resulting in an autologous blood product containing no platelets and inferior levels of growth factors in comparison to platelet-rich plasma [24]. In conjunction with the abovementioned considerations for biological mechanisms, hypACT biochemical composition might be the reason for its comparably well-promoting effects both on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis unlike EPRP or CPRP only showing promoting effects for one distinct differentiation path.…”

“…PRP was also reported to contain proinflammatory components such as leucocytes or fibrin [22,23]. hypACT is a newly developed blood product without cells and fibrin containing the cytokines released during blood clotting [24] which can serve as an alternative to PRP's products.…”

“…Also, the accumulation of platelets within chondrogenic pellets supplemented with CPRP might alter the forming tissue quality. Another biological mechanism might be the reported difference in growth factor concentration between CPRP and EPRP as well as hyperacute serum [24,43]. It was reflected by different gene expression and glycosaminoglycan deposition favouring supplementation with EPRP1% rather than 5% which resulted in higher platelet accumulation within the pellet structure and lower ECM quality.…”

Characterization and Chondroprotective Effects of Extracellular Vesicles From Plasma- and Serum-Based Autologous Blood-Derived Products for Osteoarthritis Therapy

“…Again, there are substantial differences in the production protocols with clotting times of up to a day for ACS or as short as 10 min for hypACT. As a result of clotting, the sera are deprived of coagulation factors, but enriched in cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, and growth factors including TGF-β shed from intracellular reservoirs in mononuclear cells or platelets (Meijer et al, 2003;Ríos et al, 2015;Kardos et al, 2019). Similar to plasma derivatives, there are commercial devices available that support the preparation of serum derivatives from autologous whole blood (Baltzer et al, 2009;Kardos et al, 2018).…”

Isolation, Activation, and Mechanism of Action of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Its Applications for Joint Repair

“…A product derived from this is the hyperacute serum that is obtained with a procedure similar to that of the PRP but without using anticoagulants. Thus, after centrifugation of the blood, the upper fraction is a fibrin clot (Platelet-Rich Fibrin), which is squeezed to obtain the hyperacute serum [47]. It contains all the plasma and platelet biomolecules without coagulation proteins such as fibrinogen, namely, the product obtained is almost identical to the exudate gradually released from the fibrin net achieved after the activation of PRP.…”