The complexity of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathosystem in soybean: virulence factors, resistance mechanisms, and their exploitation to control Sclerotinia stem rot

McCaghey, Megan; Willbur, Jaime F.; Smith, Damon; Kabbage, Mehdi

doi:10.1007/s40858-018-0259-4

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…As a broad-host range, predominantly necrotrophic pathogen, S. sclerotiorum has a range of virulence factors, including CWDEs, detoxification enzymes, secreted effectors, and metabolites, that it employs to successfully infect a plethora of hosts [26]. Studies have singled out specific factors in the pathogenic development of S. sclerotiorum , largely in model plants [83]. However, only a few studies have focused on individual S. sclerotiorum -host interactions in crop plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene regulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during infection of Glycine max: on the road to pathogenesis

et al. 2019

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Background Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad-host range necrotrophic pathogen which is the causative agent of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), and a major disease of soybean ( Glycine max ). A time course transcriptomic analysis was performed in both compatible and incompatible soybean lines to identify pathogenicity and developmental factors utilized by S. sclerotiorum to achieve pathogenic success. Results A comparison of genes expressed during early infection identified the potential importance of toxin efflux and nitrogen metabolism during the early stages of disease establishment. The later stages of infection were characterized by an apparent shift to survival structure formation. Analysis of genes highly upregulated in-planta revealed a temporal regulation of hydrolytic and detoxification enzymes, putative secreted effectors, and secondary metabolite synthesis genes. Redox regulation also appears to play a key role during the course of infection, as suggested by the high expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species production and scavenging. Finally, distinct differences in early gene expression were noted based on the comparison of S. sclerotiorum infection of resistant and susceptible soybean lines. Conclusions Although many potential virulence factors have been noted in the S. sclerotiorum pathosystem, this study serves to highlight soybean specific processes most likely to be critical in successful infection. Functional studies of genes identified in this work are needed to confirm their importance to disease development, and may constitute valuable targets of RNAi approaches to improve resistance to SSR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5517-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene regulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during infection of Glycine max: on the road to pathogenesis

et al. 2019

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“…As a canonical necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia attacks and kills the cells of its host by secreting an arsenal of cell wall-degrading enzymes and toxins, and it consumes dead cells for energy ( Mbengue et al, 2016 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; McCaghey et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019a ). It has been proposed that this pathogen exhibits a dynamic two-phased infection model in which it first evades or counteracts host defence, colonising the host and growing in apoplastic spaces ( Kabbage et al, 2015 ; Liang and Rollins, 2018 ; Ding et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Pathogen Epidemiology and Disease Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The secretion of a wide array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes facilitates the degradation of host cell walls, as well as numerous proteases and hydrolases, to macerate tissues and release nutrient sources ( Mbengue et al, 2016 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; McCaghey et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2019a ). These include proteinases, cutinase, cellulases, polygalacturonases, glucanases, and xylanases.…”

Section: Pathogen Epidemiology and Disease Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Important virulence components of Sclerotinia include secreted and effector-like proteins and are reviewed in detail by Derbyshire et al (2017) , Xu et al (2018) , McCaghey et al (2019) , Xia et al (2020) , and Shao et al (2021) . Historically, fungal effectors have been defined as small, secreted proteins that modulate the host cell to facilitate infection.…”

Section: Pathogen Epidemiology and Disease Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Tackling Control of a Cosmopolitan Phytopathogen: Sclerotinia

2021

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Phytopathogenic members of the Sclerotinia genus cause widespread disease across a broad range of economically important crops. In particular, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is considered one of the most destructive and cosmopolitan of plant pathogens. Here, were review the epidemiology of the pathogen, its economic impact on agricultural production, and measures employed toward control of disease. We review the broad approaches required to tackle Sclerotinia diseases and include cultural practices, crop genetic resistance, chemical fungicides, and biological controls. We highlight the benefits and drawbacks of each approach along with recent advances within these controls and future strategies.

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“…Oxalic acid (OA) is a known pathogenicity factor for several important plant pathogens, most notably Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ( Godoy et al, 1990 ; Williams et al, 2011 ; Liang et al, 2015 ; Xu et al, 2015 , 2018 ; McCaghey et al, 2019 ). Dutton and Evans (1996) reviewed OA production in plant pathogenic fungi and state that the role of OA in pathogenesis “is through acidification of host tissues and sequestration of calcium from host cell walls.” Marciano et al (1983) observed that OA production was increased in the more virulent of two S. sclerotiorum isolates following inoculation on sunflower.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxalic Acid Production in Clarireedia jacksonii Is Dictated by pH, Host Tissue, and Xylan

et al. 2020

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Dollar spot is caused by the fungus Clarireedia jacksonii and is the most common disease of golf course turfgrass in temperate climates. Oxalic acid (OA) is an important pathogenicity factor in other fungal plant pathogens, such as the dicot pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but its role in C. jacksonii pathogenicity on monocot hosts remains unclear. Herein, we assess fungal growth, OA concentration, and pH change in potato dextrose broth (PDB) following incubation of C. jacksonii. In addition, OA production by C. jacksonii and S. sclerotiorum was compared in PDB amended with creeping bentgrass or common plant cell wall components (cellulose, lignin, pectin, or xylan). Our results show that OA production is highly dependent on the environmental pH, with twice as much OA produced at pH 7 than pH 4 and a corresponding decrease in PDB pH from 7 to 5 following 96 h of C. jacksonii incubation. In contrast, no OA was produced or changes in pH observed when C. jacksonii was incubated in PDB at a pH of 4. Interestingly, C. jacksonii increased OA production in response to PDB amended with creeping bentgrass tissue and the cell wall component xylan, a major component of grass cell walls. S. sclerotiorum produced large amounts of OA relative to C. jacksonii regardless of treatment, and no treatment increased OA production by this fungus, though pectin suppressed S. sclerotiorum's OA production. These results suggest that OA production by C. jacksonii is reliant on host specific components within the infection court, as well as the ambient pH of the foliar environment during its pathogenic development.

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The complexity of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathosystem in soybean: virulence factors, resistance mechanisms, and their exploitation to control Sclerotinia stem rot

Cited by 32 publications

References 99 publications

Gene regulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during infection of Glycine max: on the road to pathogenesis

Gene regulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during infection of Glycine max: on the road to pathogenesis

Tackling Control of a Cosmopolitan Phytopathogen: Sclerotinia

Oxalic Acid Production in Clarireedia jacksonii Is Dictated by pH, Host Tissue, and Xylan

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