The complexity of TGFβ/activin signaling in regeneration

Xiao

et al. 2022

: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic cerebrovascular disease characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis, with the formation of the collateral vascular network at the base of the brain. Its clinical manifestations are complicated. Numerous studies have attempted to clarify the clinical features of MMD, including its epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and pathophysiology. With the development of neuroimaging techniques, various neuroimaging modalities with different advantages have deepened the understanding of MMD in structural, functional, spatial, and temporal dimensions. At present, the main treatment for MMD focuses on neurological protection, cerebral blood flow reconstruction, and neurological rehabilitation, such as pharmacological treatment, surgical revascularization, and cognitive rehabilitation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding the clinical features, neuroimaging evaluation, and treatment of MMD.

Section: Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progression in Moyamoya Disease: Clinical Features, Neuroimaging Evaluation, and Treatment

Xiao

et al. 2022

“…TGF-β is known for its pleiotropic functions. The activation of Smad-dependent and -independent pathways, and the interaction of Smads with other transcription co-modulators, greatly extend the biological response of TGF-β in the nervous system and different stages of peripheral nerve regeneration ( Clark and Coker, 1998 ; Kandasamy et al, 2014 ; Abarca-Buis et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Pathophysiological Process Of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Re...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Wei

Zhan

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the most common concerns in trauma patients. Despite significant advances in repair surgeries, the outcome can still be unsatisfactory, resulting in morbidities such as loss of sensory or motor function and reduced quality of life. This highlights the need for more supportive strategies for nerve regrowth and adequate recovery. Multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is essential for the development of the nervous system and is known for its neuroprotective functions. Accumulating evidence indicates its involvement in multiple cellular and molecular responses that are critical to peripheral nerve repair. Following PNI, TGF-β is released at the site of injury where it can initiate a series of phenotypic changes in Schwann cells (SCs), modulate immune cells, activate neuronal intrinsic growth capacity, and regulate blood nerve barrier (BNB) permeability, thus enhancing the regeneration of the nerves. Notably, TGF-β has already been applied experimentally in the treatment of PNI. These treatments with encouraging outcomes further demonstrate its regeneration-promoting capacity. Herein, we review the possible roles of TGF-β in peripheral nerve regeneration and discuss the underlying mechanisms, thus providing new cues for better treatment of PNI.

“…Among vertebrates, fishes and amphibians have a well-developed capacity to regenerate tail, jaws, spinal cord, lens, myocardium, and some gastrointestinal regions. Regeneration of complex structures in mammals is limited to antlers, earholes, nipples, digit tips and liver, instead they have remarkable capacities to renew and repair tissues and healing wounds (i.e., skin, bone, skeletal muscle, hematopoietic system) [121,122].…”

Section: Perspective On the Effect Of The Immune System In The Evolution Of Regenerative Capacitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages

Mandujano-Tinoco

Sultan

Ottolenghi

et al. 2021

Cells

Self Cite

The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasitic pathogens. In addition, it provides regenerative capacities, tissue maintenance, and self/non-self recognition of foreign tissues. Phagocytosis and cytotoxicity are two prominent cellular immune activities positioned at the base of immune effector function in mammals. Although these immune mechanisms have diversified into a wide heterogeneous repertoire of effector cells, it appears that they share some common cellular and molecular features in all animals, but also some interesting convergent mechanisms. In this review, we will explore the current knowledge about the evolution of phagocytic and cytotoxic immune lineages against pathogens, in the clearance of damaged cells, for regeneration, for histocompatibility recognition, and in killing virally infected cells. To this end, we give different immune examples of multicellular organism models, ranging from the roots of bilateral organisms to chordate invertebrates, comparing to vertebrates’ lineages. In this review, we compare cellular lineage homologies at the cellular and molecular levels. We aim to highlight and discuss the diverse function plasticity within the evolved immune effector cells, and even suggest the costs and benefits that it may imply for organisms with the meaning of greater defense against pathogens but less ability to regenerate damaged tissues and organs.