The Complexity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Torres, Maria Karoliny da Silva; Bichara, Carlos David Araújo; Almeida, Maria de Nazaré do Socorro de; Vallinoto, Mariana Cayres; Queiroz, Maria Alice Freitas; Vallinoto, Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres; Santos, Eduardo José Melo dos; Carvalho, Carlos Alberto Marques de; Vallinoto, Antônio Carlos Rosário

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.789882

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 239 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a threat to general health systems after more than half a billion cases and more than 6 million cumulative deaths [ 1 ]. The development and spread of the disease, and its biological and socioeconomic background, are of major impact for new scientific driven innovations and modifications of health systems [ 2 ]. Since 2020, intramuscular vaccinations have been spread throughout the world and induce strong long lasting serum immunity [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a Route to Systemic Immunization?

Schrage

Blomet

Holzer

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Infectious diseases of the conjunctiva and cornea usually leave behind both broad local and systemic immunity. Case reports of SARS-CoV-2-positive conjunctivitis with subsequent systemic immunity suggest a new route of immunization preventing the primary infection of the airways. Material and Methods: A total of 24 Syrian field hamsters were treated. In systematic animal experiments, we infected the eyes of n = 8 animals (group 1) and the airways of another n = 8 animals (group 2) with SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan type); n = 8 hamsters served as controls (group 3). The weight development of the animals was recorded. After two weeks of observation of disease symptoms, all animals were re-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract (challenge) to determine whether immunity to the virus had been achieved. Results: The epi-ocularly infected animals (group 1) showed no clinically visible disease during the ocular infection phase. At most, there was a slightly reduced weight gain compared to the control group (group 3), while the respiratory infected animals (group 2) all lost weight, became lethargic, and slowly recovered after two weeks. After the challenge, none of the animals in groups 1 and 2 became ill again. The animals in the negative control (group 3) all became ill. Cytotoxic antibodies were detectable in the blood of the infected groups before and after challenge, with higher titers in the epi-ocularly infected animals. Conclusion: By epi-ocular infection with SARS-CoV-2, the development of systemic immunity with formation of cytotoxic antibodies without severe general disease could be observed in the experimental animals, which did not induce any more disease upon a second infection in the respiratory tract. Therefore, it can be concluded that a purely epi-ocular infection with SARS-CoV2 only induces a weak disease pattern followed by systemic immunity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a Route to Systemic Immunization?

Schrage

Blomet

Holzer

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus belonging to the same subgenus as the SARS-CoV and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (Cascella et al, 2022). SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, non-segmented, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of 30 kilobases that encodes 7,096 aminoacids that constitute four structural proteins [spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N)], and 15 non-structural proteins (NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, NSP4, NSP5, NSP6, NSP7, NSP8, NSP9, NSP10, NSP12, NSP13, NSP14, NSP15, and NSP16), and eight accessory proteins (3a,3b,6,7a,7b,8b,9b,and ORF14) (Lamptey et al, 2021;da Silva Torres et al, 2022).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations

Méndez-García

Escobedo

Minguer-Uribe

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which has claimed millions of lives. This virus can infect various cells and tissues, including the brain, for which numerous neurological symptoms have been reported, ranging from mild and nonlife-threatening (e.g., headaches, anosmia, dysgeusia, and disorientation) to severe and life-threatening symptoms (e.g., meningitis, ischemic stroke, and cerebral thrombosis). The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme that belongs to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS is an endocrine system that has been classically associated with regulating blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance; however, it is also involved in promoting inflammation, proliferation, fibrogenesis, and lipogenesis. Two pathways constitute the RAS with counter-balancing effects, which is the key to its regulation. The first axis (classical) is composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) as the main effector, which -when activated-increases the production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, sympathetic nervous system tone, blood pressure, vasoconstriction, fibrosis, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Both systemic and local classical RAS' within the brain are associated with cognitive impairment, cell death, and inflammation. The second axis (non-classical or alternative) includes ACE2, which converts Ang II to Ang-(1-7), a peptide molecule that activates Mas receptor (MasR) in charge of opposing Ang II/AT1R actions. Thus, the alternative RAS axis enhances cognition, synaptic remodeling, cell survival, cell signal transmission, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the brain. In a physiological state, both RAS axes remain balanced. However, some Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 01 frontiersin.org Méndez-García et al. 10.3389/fncel.2022.977039factors can dysregulate systemic and local RAS arms. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 causes the internalization and degradation of this enzyme, reducing its activity, and disrupting the balance of systemic and local RAS, which partially explain the appearance of some of the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19. Therefore, this review aims to analyze the role of RAS in the development of the neurological effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we will discuss the RAS-molecular targets that could be used for therapeutic purposes to treat the short and long-term neurological COVID-19-related sequelae.

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“…Since the beginning of the pandemic, several virus variants have emerged. They differ in transmissibility, disease severity, and ability to escape humoral immunity ( 13 ).…”

Section: Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several drugs specific to COVID-19 or typically used for other diseases have been administered, and behavioral measures have been adopted. Authorized vaccines against COVID-19 allow proper pandemic management ( 13 , 22 ).…”

Section: Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases: A mini-review

Roseti

Grigolo

2022

Front. Med.

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Joint pain and arthralgia can be manifestations of COVID-19, and studies evaluating long COVID symptoms identified the persistence of these disorders. Moreover, some case reports highlighted the development of new inflammatory arthritis in patients with COVID-19, suggesting a possible relation. Viral infections and rheumatic diseases share a documented relationship; they have been associated with genetic and environmental risk factors responsible for some of them. There is crosstalk between viruses and the immune system during the development of several rheumatic diseases. Moreover, infections may participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases and contribute to patient mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to provide a clearer insight into the interaction between viral infections and rheumatic diseases. Here, we provide a mini-review of the current literature with the aim of shedding light on the relationship between COVID-19 and rheumatic or musculoskeletal diseases, which is still unclear. Specifically, we examined several aspects: risk for the rheumatic population of acquiring the virus or developing severe symptoms, similarities of COVID-19 and arthritis, the possible rheumatic consequence of COVID-19, of rheumatic drugs and vaccines, and COVID-19 prevention in rheumatic patients through vaccination.

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The Complexity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 22 publications

References 239 publications

Eye Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a Route to Systemic Immunization?

Eye Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a Route to Systemic Immunization?

Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations

COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases: A mini-review

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