2022
DOI: 10.1145/3568163
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The Complexity of Gradient Descent: CLS = PPAD ∩ PLS

Abstract: We study search problems that can be solved by performing Gradient Descent on a bounded convex polytopal domain and show that this class is equal to the intersection of two well-known classes: PPAD and PLS. As our main underlying technical contribution, we show that computing a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) point of a continuously differentiable function over the domain [0, 1] 2 is PPAD ∩ PLS-complete. This is the first non-artificial problem to be shown complete for this class. Our results … Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(2 citation statements)
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“…k = k + 1 13: end while pipelines and instruction sets [35]. At the same time, FPGAs undoubtedly offer greater advantages due to their reconfigurability and flexible memory hierarchy [36]. Although MCU+FPGA architecture can provide a diverse combination of scalar and spatial computing architectures for the instrumentation and improve the in-situ analysis capability of the instrumentation.…”
Section: Overall Structurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…k = k + 1 13: end while pipelines and instruction sets [35]. At the same time, FPGAs undoubtedly offer greater advantages due to their reconfigurability and flexible memory hierarchy [36]. Although MCU+FPGA architecture can provide a diverse combination of scalar and spatial computing architectures for the instrumentation and improve the in-situ analysis capability of the instrumentation.…”
Section: Overall Structurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…We use the term "PL arithmetic circuit" for circuits over the basis {+, −, max, min, ×ζ} with rational constants. Some recent works call them "linear" arithmetic circuits instead[Deligkas et al, 2021;Fearnley et al, 2022].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%