The complex set of internal repeats in SpTransformer protein sequences result in multiple but limited alternative alignments

Abstract

The SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene family encodes a set of proteins that function in the sea urchin immune system. The gene sequences have a series of internal repeats in a mosaic pattern that is characteristic of this family. This mosaic pattern necessitates the insertion of large gaps, which has made alignments of the deduced protein sequences computationally difficult such that only manual alignments have been reported previously. Because manual alignments are time consuming for evaluating newly available SpTrf sequences, computational approaches were evaluated for the sequences reported previously. Furthermore, because two different manual alignments of the SpTrf sequences are feasible because of the multiple internal repeats, it is not known whether additional alternative alignments can be identified using different approaches. The bioinformatic program, PRANK, was used because it was designed to align sequences with large gaps and indels. The results from PRANK show that the alignments of the internal repeats are similar to those done manually, suggesting multiple feasible alignments for some regions. GUIDANCE based analysis of the alignments identified regions that were excellent and other regions that failed to align. This suggests that computational approaches have limits for aligning the SpTrf sequences that include multiple repeats and that require inserted gaps. Furthermore, it is unlikely that alternative alignments for the full-length SpTrf sequences will be identified.

Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes

“…Furthermore, full length sequences of the SpTrf cDNAs and genes show a significant level of sequence diversity, in part based on single nucleotide polymorphisms that translate to amino acid diversity. Optimized alignments require the insertion of large artificial gaps that define blocks of slightly variable sequences termed ‘elements’ ( Figure 1 ) ( 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 ). Elements of different sequence and length are present in the HeTrf and PlTrf proteins, although some of the repeats in the coding region are similar to those in SpTrf ( 25 , 26 ).…”