The complex role of air pollution on the association between greenness and respiratory mortality: Insight from a large cohort, 2009–2020

Greenness and Hospitalization for Cardiorespiratory Diseases in Brazil

“… 14 In China, similar results were found, suggesting beneficial associations of green spaces in reducing circulatory diseases, including hypertension and stroke. 32 Another study in China 33 examined how the combination of exposure to air pollution and residential vegetation affects the risk of respiratory mortality in a large cohort. The results indicated that having more vegetation in residential areas can reduce the negative effects of air pollution on respiratory health.…”

Greenspaces And Cardiovascular Health

“…The beneficial health effects of greenspace persist across many different geographic regions. Table 2 highlights many of these studies that were published since a systemic review in 2016 by Gascon et al Moreover, risk reduction is seen globally in populations in Sub-Saharan Africa, 53 Ghana, 54 Thailand, 55 China, 27,29,56 Taiwan, 19 Korea, 57 Madrid, 28 Belgium, 58 Sweden, 43 Switzerland, 18 United Kingdom, 38,40,56,59 United States, 26,39,60 Canada, 16,61,62 and Australia, 23,63 which suggests a robust impact of greenness independent of the type of vegetation or climate. However, the effects of greenness across different ecosystems remain to be systematically compared.…”

“…The US Forest Service estimates that, in 2021, vegetation in the United States reduced air pollution levels to 17.4 million tons, which corresponds to $6.8 billion in human health benefits. 79 That some of the beneficial effects of greenness are due to reduction in air pollutants is suggested by the observations that the effects of PM 10 on cardiovascular mortality are attenuated in greener areas 57 and that greenspaces diminish the health impact of PM on hospitalization, 60 respiratory mortality, 56 as well as increased risk of diabetes and prediabetes, 80 glucose homeostasis, 81 hypertension, 82 and mortality. 83 We have found that in areas of low greenness, both PM 2.5 and ozone were positively associated with pulse pressure.…”