The Complex Relationship between Metals and Carbonic Anhydrase: New Insights and Perspectives

Abstract

Carbonic anhydrase is a ubiquitous metalloenzyme, which catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3− and H+. Metals play a key role in the bioactivity of this metalloenzyme, although their relationships with CA have not been completely clarified to date. The aim of this review is to explore the complexity and multi-aspect nature of these relationships, since metals can be cofactors of CA, but also inhibitors of CA activity and modulators of CA expression. Moreover, this work analyzes new insights and perspectives that allow translating new advances in basic science on the interaction between CA and metals to applications in several fields of research, ranging from biotechnology to environmental sciences.

Limitation by Fe, Zn, Co, and B12 Results in Similar Physiological Responses in Two Antarctic Phytoplankton Species

“…Especially Fe is required for vital processes such as carbon and nitrogen fixation, nitrate and nitrite reduction, chlorophyll synthesis and is essential for the electron transport chain of respiration and photosynthesis (Raven et al, 1999;Behrenfeld and Milligan, 2013;Twining and Baines, 2013). Zn plays an important role in carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of CO 2 and bicarbonate for photosynthesis (Lionetto et al, 2016), and in alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme important in cleaving phosphate from larger organic molecules in times of phosphorus limitation (Dyhrman and Ruttenberg, 2006). Zinc-fingers are also important in DNA/RNA replication (Klug, 2010).…”

Structure and properties of AB21, a novel Agaricus bisporus protein with structural relation to bacterial pore‐forming toxins

“…For example, they are involved in metal homeostasis (uptake, transport, delivery or storage of metals), regulational pathways (for example, metal‐dependent transcription factors) or detoxification processes (sequestration and removal of toxic metals) . In some proteins and enzymes, metal ions play structural or catalytic roles . The presence of a heavy‐metal binding protein in the fruiting bodies of A. bisporus would not be surprising, since higher fungi (including Agaricus spp.)…”

“…[61][62][63][64] In some proteins and enzymes, metal ions play structural or catalytic roles. 65,66 The presence of a heavymetal binding protein in the fruiting bodies of A. bisporus would not be surprising, since higher fungi (including Agaricus spp.) are well known for their ability to accumulate heavy metals.…”

The influence of Cd2+ ions on the activity of stromal carbonic anhydrases of spinach chloroplasts

“…Селективну чутливість КА різних організмів до інгібування важкими металами використовують при створенні систем біомоніторингу навколишнього середовища [31][32][33]. Однак реакція множинних КА рослин на наявність у воді і ґрунті важких металів досі залишається малодослідженою і потребує подальшого вивчення.…”