The Complex Interactions Between Rotavirus and the Gut Microbiota

Kim, Andrew Hyoung Jin; Hogarty, Michael P.; Harris, Vanessa; Baldridge, Megan T.

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.586751

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…Based on the performance of these vaccines, in 2009, the WHO extended this recommendation worldwide. Although the effectiveness of RV vaccines remains higher in developed countries than in developing countries, potentially due to a variety of factors including microbiota variation, implementation of these vaccines has universally translated into a substantial reduction in the incidence of severe RV infection [ 67 , 68 , 69 ].…”

Section: Human Rna Enteric Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Aggarwal

Hassan

Baldridge

2021

Viruses

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Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.

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Section: Human Rna Enteric Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Aggarwal

Hassan

Baldridge

2021

Viruses

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“…Gut microbiota has emerged as a pivotal player in enteric virus-host interactions, and has been shown or hypothesized to have positive, as well as negative effects on viral infectivity, mediated by different mechanisms [2][3][4][5]. Given the lack of an efficient mouse model to replicate relevant human RV strains [13], we studied whether mice could be infected with RVwa after an infant gut microbiota engraftment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rotavirus (RV) is among the predominant causes of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in infant and young children, with an estimated 150,000 deaths per year, mostly in developing countries [1]. The gut is a very complex ecosystem, with multiple interactions between the host immune system, glycobiology, resident microbiota, and viruses responsible for gastroenteritis [2][3][4][5]. A link between human RV infection and intestinal bacterial populations has been revealed from analysis of the microbiota in population groups displaying different vaccine take after inoculation with RV live vaccines [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota Depletion Promotes Human Rotavirus Replication in an Adult Mouse Model

et al. 2021

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Intestinal microbiota-virus-host interaction has emerged as a key factor in mediating enteric virus pathogenicity. With the aim of analyzing whether human gut bacteria improve the inefficient replication of human rotavirus in mice, we performed fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) with healthy infants as donors in antibiotic-treated mice. We showed that a simple antibiotic treatment, irrespective of FMT, resulted in viral shedding for 6 days after challenge with the human rotavirus G1P[8] genotype Wa strain (RVwa). Rotavirus titers in feces were also significantly higher in antibiotic-treated animals with or without FMT but they were decreased in animals subject to self-FMT, where a partial re-establishment of specific bacterial taxons was evidenced. Microbial composition analysis revealed profound changes in the intestinal microbiota of antibiotic-treated animals, whereas some bacterial groups, including members of Lactobacillus, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, and Oscillospira, recovered after self-FMT. In antibiotic-treated and FMT animals where the virus replicated more efficiently, differences were observed in gene expression of immune mediators, such as IL1β and CXCL15, as well as in the fucosyltransferase FUT2, responsible for H-type antigen synthesis in the small intestine. Collectively, our results suggest that antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion eradicates the microbial taxa that restrict human rotavirus infectivity in mice.

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“…No such differences were found in children receiving rotavirus vaccination in Nicaragua [ 34 ]. However, most evidence indicates that the composition of the intestinal microbiome is important for the improvement of vaccine efficacies [ 24 , 35 ]. The reasons for decreases in immune responses are complex.…”

Section: Intestinal Microbiome and Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Gut Microbiome for Viral Diarrheal and Extra-Intestinal Diseases

Desselberger

2021

Viruses

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The composition of the mammalian gut microbiome is very important for the health and disease of the host. Significant correlations of particular gut microbiota with host immune responsiveness and various infectious and noninfectious host conditions, such as chronic enteric infections, type 2 diabetes, obesity, asthma, and neurological diseases, have been uncovered. Recently, research has moved on to exploring the causalities of such relationships. The metabolites of gut microbiota and those of the host are considered in a ‘holobiontic’ way. It turns out that the host’s diet is a major determinant of the composition of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Animal models of bacterial and viral intestinal infections have been developed to explore the interrelationships of diet, gut microbiome, and health/disease phenotypes of the host. Dietary fibers can act as prebiotics, and certain bacterial species support the host’s wellbeing as probiotics. In cases of Clostridioides difficile-associated antibiotic-resistant chronic diarrhea, transplantation of fecal microbiomes has sometimes cured the disease. Future research will concentrate on the definition of microbial/host/diet interrelationships which will inform rationales for improving host conditions, in particular in relation to optimization of immune responses to childhood vaccines.

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The Complex Interactions Between Rotavirus and the Gut Microbiota

Cited by 45 publications

References 86 publications

Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses

Microbiota Depletion Promotes Human Rotavirus Replication in an Adult Mouse Model

Significance of the Gut Microbiome for Viral Diarrheal and Extra-Intestinal Diseases

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