The Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) Mitochondrial Genome

Abstract

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris, was determined. The length of the sequence was 16,728 bp; however, the length was not absolute due to the variation (heteroplasmy) caused by differing numbers of the repetitive motif, 5Ј-GTACACGT(A/G)C-3Ј, in the control region. The genome organization, gene contents, and codon usage conformed to those of other mammalian mitochondrial genomes. Although its features were unknown, the ''CTAGA'' duplication event which followed the translational stop codon of the COII gene was not observed in other mammalian mitochondrial genomes. In order to determine the possible differences between mtDNAs in carnivores, two rRNA and 13 protein-coding genes from the cat, dog, and seal were compared. The combined molecular differences, in two rRNA genes as well as in the inferred amino acid sequences of the mitochondrial 13 protein-coding genes, suggested that there is a closer relationship between the dog and the seal than there is between either of these species and the cat. Based on the molecular differences of the mtDNA, the evolutionary divergence between the cat, the dog, and the seal was dated to approximately 50 ؎ 4 million years ago. The degree of difference between carnivore mtDNAs varied according to the individual protein-coding gene applied, showing that the evolutionary relationships of distantly related species should be presented in an extended study based on ample sequence data like complete mtDNA molecules. 1998 Academic Press

Complete sequence of the Tibetan Mastiff mitochondrial genome and its phylogenetic relationship with other Canids (Canis, Canidae)

“…The base composition of the Tibetan Mastiff mtDNA is 28.7% T, 25.6% C, 31.6% A and 14.1% G. The AT content (60.3%) is significantly higher than the GC content (39.7%), which is consistent with the base composition of the mitochondrial genomes of other Canids (Kim et al, 1998;Arnason et al, 2006;Bjö rnerfeldt et al, 2006). Table 3 details the genes, their location and the length of the Tibetan Mastiff mitochondrial genome.…”

“…The genome uses four initiation codons: eight genes use ATG; NADH2, NADH3 and NADH5 use ATA; NADH6 uses AAT; and NADH4 uses GTG. The stop codons of 11 genes are complete termination codons (TAA, TAG or AGA) and four genes (COIII, NADH3, NADH4 and NADH6) use incomplete termination codons, as is seen in other Canids (Kim et al, 1998;Arnason et al, 2006;Bjö rnerfeldt et al, 2006). As in some other mammals, there are four overlapping reading frames in the Tibetan Mastiff, ATPase8/ATPase6, ATPase6/CoIII, NADH4/NADH4L and NADH5/NADH6, which overlap by 43, 1, 7 and 15 bp, respectively (Table 3).…”

“…Since Anderson et al (1981) first sequenced the human mitochondrial genome, about 700 vertebrate mitochondrial genomes have been sequenced . The first Canine mitochondrial genome (from Sapsaree, a Korean native dog) was sequenced in 1998 (Kim et al, 1998), and subsequently the mitochondrial genomes of 25 domestic breed dogs, the gray wolf (Canis lupus; Bjö rnerfeldt et al, 2006), the coyote (Canis latrans; Bjö rnerfeldt et al, 2006) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes; Arnason et al, 2006) have been sequenced. The partial mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan Mastiff has been reported (Li et al, 2008;Webb and Allard, 2009); however, the genome characteristics and differences from other domestic dogs were not made clear.…”

Sequence variation and structural conservation in the D-loop region and flanking genes of mitochondrial DNA from Japanese pond frogs.

“…Intergeneric, interfamily, and interorder phylogenies have been studied using the 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences Hay et al, 1995;Titus and Larson, 1995;Ruvinsky and Maxson, 1996;Moore, 1996, 1998;Kobel et al, 1998). On the other hand, the homologies or differences of each mitochondrial gene or D-loop region have been recently reported among several related animal species based on the complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes (Giorgi et al, 1996;Lopez et al, 1996;Xu et al, 1996;Härlid et al, 1997;Kim et al, 1998;Sumida et al, in preparation). These studies showed that the degrees of homologies between mtDNAs varied according to the individual genes.…”

Evaluation of the effectiveness of introducing new alleles into the gene pool of a rare dog breed: Polish Hound as the example

“…The quantity and quality of PCR products were evaluated using Picodrop (Picodrop Limited, Saffron Walden, UK). Purified PCR products (660 base pair length) were sequenced with BigDye ® Terminator v. Kim et al (1998).…”