The complete mitochondrial genome ofAnopheles minimus(Diptera: Culicidae) and the phylogenetics of knownAnophelesmitogenomes

Abstract

Anopheles minimus is an important vector of human malaria in southern China and Southeast Asia. The phylogenetics of mosquitoes has not been well resolved, and the mitochondrial genome (mtgenome) has proven to be an important marker in the study of evolutionary biology. In this study, the complete mtgenome of An. minimus was sequenced for the first time. It is 15 395 bp long and encodes 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a non-coding region. The gene organization is consistent with those of known Anopheles mtgenomes. The mtgenome performs a clear bias in nucleotide composition with a positive AT-skew and a negative GC-skew. All 13 PCGs prefer to use the codon UUA (Leu), ATN as initiation codon but cytochrome-oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and ND5, with TCG and GTG, and TAA as termination codon, but COI, COII, COIII and ND4, all with the incomplete T. tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, but tRNA(Ser(AGN)) is consistent with known Anopheles mtgenomes. The control region includes a conserved T-stretch and a (TA)n stretch, and has the highest A+T content at 93.1%. The phylogenetics of An. minimus with 18 other Anopheles species was constructed by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, based on concatenated PCG sequences. The subgenera, Cellia and Anopheles, and Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia have mutually close relationships, respectively. The Punctulatus group and Leucosphyrus group of Neomyzomyia Series, and the Albitarsis group of Albitarsis Series were suggested to be monophyletic. The monophyletic status of the subgenera, Cellia, Anopheles, Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia need to be further elucidated.

Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…All 22 tRNA genes were dispersed in the mitochondrial genome of An. sinensis , the length and position of them was similar with the reported Culicidae mosquitoes (Table 2 ) [ 13 – 15 , 20 , 21 , 28 , 29 , 31 – 33 ]. Among them, there were two kinds of transfer genes for serine and leucine, and the remaining 18 tRNA genes correspond to the other amino acid respectively.…”

“…sinensis species consisted of 13 intron-less protein coding genes. The gene number, order and transcription direction of mitochondrial genes were the same as in other species of Culicidae species [ 13 – 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 28 – 33 ]. There were 9 genes located in the J strand, as ND2, CO1, CO2, ATPase8, ATPase6, CO3, ND3, ND6 and CytB, while ND1, ND5, ND4 and ND4L located in the N strand.…”

Comparative analyses of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in 23 mosquito species genomes: Identification, characterization and distribution (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…albopictus (Chen et al ., ) have been sequenced and annotated, and more recently 16 Anopheles genomes have been reported (Neafsey et al ., ). A number of transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes have also been sequenced and comparatively analyzed (e.g., Chen et al ., ; Hua et al ., ; Hao et al ., ; Fang et al ., )…”

“…albopictus (Chen et al, 2015) have been sequenced and annotated, and more recently 16 Anopheles genomes have been reported (Neafsey et al, 2015). A number of transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes have also been sequenced and comparatively analyzed (e.g., Chen et al, 2014;Hua et al, 2016;Hao et al, 2017;Fang et al, 2018) With the increasing of mosquito omics data, the diversity, characterization and functional analyses of a given group of genes are progressively increasing (He et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2018;Mei et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018;Wu et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2018). However, the in silico SSR identification and analysis are relatively insufficient, and therefore the SSR features and the association with different species of mosquito genomes are still not well understood.…”

Leap forward with insect genomics

“…Mitochondrial genome (mtgenome) information can provide unique evolutionary insights. Hua et al sequenced the complete mtgenome of Anopheles minimus and constructed a phylogenetic tree that included 18 other Anopheles species (Hua et al, 2016). Their results showed that the subgenera, Cellia and Anopheles, and Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia, have mutually close relationships, respectively.…”