The compatibility of inactivated-Enterovirus 71 vaccination with Coxsackievirus A16 and Poliovirus immunizations in humans and animals

Mao, Qunying; Wang, Yiping; Shao, Jiang; Zhang, Ying; Gao, Fan; Yao, Xin; Li, Changgui; Ye, Qiang; Xu, Miao; Li, Rongcheng; Zhu, Fengcai; Liang, Zhenglun

doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1011975

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Although some other clinical studies have shown a weak cross-protective phenomenon in EV71 and CA16 infection [21,22], others have reported no cross neutralization or interference between EV71 and other enteroviruses, such as CA16 and polioviruses [23][24][25]. This nding is consistent with other ndings indicating that the EV71 vaccine is not protective against CA16, CA6, or other enterovirus infections [17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effectiveness of the Enterovirus A71 Vaccine in Guangdong Province, China

Yang¹,

Zhao²,

Long³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Guangdong Province started the enterovirus A71 (EV71) vaccination campaign officially in August 2016. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the EV71 vaccine against EV71, CA16, CA6, or other enterovirus infection through post-marketing surveillance in Guangdong Province in 2017. Methods: A test-negative case–control design nested in a population-based cohort was used in this study. There were 3020 laboratory-confirmed child cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), including 409 children infected with EV71 and 2611 with CA16, CA6, or other enteroviruses. A total of 603 test-negative controls who were clinically diagnosed with HFMD in the same hospitals were enrolled in this study. Results: Of all the subjects, 383 (10.6%) had received two doses of the EV71 vaccine. Only one (0.2%) out of the 409 cases with EV71 was vaccinated. In addition, 137 (5.2%) out of 2611 cases with CA16, CA6, or other enteroviruses and 21 (3.5%) out of 603 negative controls were also vaccinated. The adjusted estimate of the effectiveness was 93.6% (95% CI: 51.0%, 99.2%; p<0.001) for cases with EV71. The protective effect of the EV71 vaccine for cases with CA16, CA6, or other enteroviruses did not reach significance (95% CI: -130.4%, 10.6%; p=0.134). Conclusion: The EV71 vaccine demonstrated very high protection against EV71 infection conferred by two doses of the EV71 inactivated vaccine used in Guangdong Province during 2017. No protection was found against CA16, CA6, or other enterovirus infections. Further development of combined vaccine options for HFMD control is needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effectiveness of the Enterovirus A71 Vaccine in Guangdong Province, China

Yang¹,

Zhao²,

Long³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Clinical data collected by Kunming Children’s Hospital (the unique children's hospital in this city) elucidated that the number of EV-A71 positive patients in 2017 (1094 cases) and 2018 (822 cases) dropped sharply compared with 2015 (2672) and 2016 (3500). It was reported that EV-A71 circulates in 3–4 year cycles in Japan and Malaysia and CV-A16 circulates in a cyclical pattern of every 2–3 years in Singapore, England, and Wales [ 27 ]. However, the prevalence interval in most areas of China is mostly one year, and some provinces have been observed the characteristics of the periodic epidemic in 2–3 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiological characteristics of enterovirus infection before and after the use of enterovirus 71 inactivated vaccine in Kunming, China

Jiang

Zhang

Rao

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) inactivated vaccines have been widely inoculated among children in Kunming City after it was approved. However, there was a large-scale outbreak of Enteroviruses (EVs) infection in Kunming, 2018.The epidemiological characteristics of HFMD and EVs were analyzed during 2008 to 2018, which are before and three years after EV-A71 vaccine starting to use. The changes of infection spectrum were also investigated, especially for severe HFMD in 2018.The incidence of EV-A71 decreased dramatically after EV-A71 vaccine starting use. The proportion of non CV-A16/EV-A71 EVs positive patients raised up to 77.17% to 85.82%, while, EV-A71 and CV-A16 only accounted for 3.41% to 7.24% and 6.94% to 19.42% in 2017 and 2018. CV-A6 was the most important causative agent in all clinical symptoms (Severe HFMD, HFMD, Herpangina and fever), accounting from 42.13% to 62.33%. EV-A71 only account for 0.36% to 2.05%. In sever HFMD, CV-A6 (62.33%), CV-A10 (11.64%), CV-A16 (10.96%) were the major causative agent in 2018. EV-A71 inactivated vaccine has a good protective effect against EV-A71 and induced EVs infection spectrum changefully. EV-A71 vaccine has no or insignificant cross-protection effect on CV-A6, CV-A10 and CV-A16. Herein, developing 4-valent combined vaccines is urgently needed.

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“…In our previous study, we had established Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the determination of enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 NtAbs 26 , 27 . EV-D68 NtAbs were detected in this study based on this previously reported method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional seroepidemiology study of EV-D68 in China

Sun

Gao

Hu³

et al. 2018

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) is associated with respiratory diseases, such as acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), pneumonia, neurological diseases, and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). In recent years, there have been global outbreaks of EV-D68 epidemics. However, there is no effective vaccine against EV-D68, and the understanding of the seroprevalence characteristics of EV-D68 is limited. To evaluate the epidemiological features of this emerging infection in mainland China, serum samples from 20 pairs of pregnant women and their neonates, 405 infants and children (ages 1 month–15 years), and 50 adults were collected to measure EV-D68 neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs). The results showed that the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of pregnant women and their neonates were 168 (95%CI: 93.6–301.7) and 162.3 (95%CI: 89.9–293.1), respectively. The seroprevalence rate of EV-D68 antibodies was negatively correlated with age in 1-month-old to 12-month-old infants (84% for 1-month-old infants vs 10% for 1-year-old infants), whereas it was positively correlated with age for 1-year-old to 15-year-old children (10% for 1-year-old children vs 92% for 15-year-old children). This study evaluated maternal antibodies against EV-D68 in neonates. Our results showed that if mothers had high levels of anti-EV-D68 NtAbs, the NtAbs titers in their neonates were also high. The GMTs and seroprevalence rates of each age group indicated that EV-D68 infection was very common in China. Periodical EV-D68 seroprevalence surveys and vaccination campaigns should be the top priority for preventing EV-D68 infection.

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The compatibility of inactivated-Enterovirus 71 vaccination with Coxsackievirus A16 and Poliovirus immunizations in humans and animals

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Effectiveness of the Enterovirus A71 Vaccine in Guangdong Province, China

Effectiveness of the Enterovirus A71 Vaccine in Guangdong Province, China

The epidemiological characteristics of enterovirus infection before and after the use of enterovirus 71 inactivated vaccine in Kunming, China

A cross-sectional seroepidemiology study of EV-D68 in China

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