The comparative biochemistry of developing <i>Ascaris</i> eggs. II. Changes in cytochrome C oxidase activity during embryonation

Oya, Hiroshi; Costello, Leslie C.; Smith, W. N.

doi:10.1002/jcp.1030620308

Cited by 42 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Presumably, an aerobic component would be required for the physiological operation of the glyoxylate cycle. Kmetec et al (40) and subsequently Oya et al (53) showed that cytochrome oxidase activity was initially absent or very low. Upon contact with air the eggs start development, and a rapid elaboration of cytochrome oxidase activity is observed leading to very high levels that continue to increase throughout development.…”

Section: Helminths That Require O2 For Energy Generationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Energy Metabolisms of Parasitic Helminths: Adaptations to Parasitism

Saz¹

1981

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

157

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Many metazoans, and particularly the parasitic forms, have adapted well to their environments. This is particularly obvious in organisms that reside in anoxic surroundings, such as the large lumen-dwelling intestinal parasites. However, anaerobic energy metabolisms are not confined to parasites in microaerophilic environments. Some that reside in highly aerobic surroundings (e.g. blood or lungs) also have lost much or all of their aerobic capabilities for energy generation. Adaptations toward anaerobiosis are many and varied: homolactate fermentation (schistosomes and filarial worms), heterolacate fermentations (H. diminuta), and succinate and heterosuccinate fermentations (Ascaris). Even helminths that are obligate aerobes are not complete oxidizers. All accumulate aerobic fermentation products, indicating at best a limited terminal respiration. Some worms, particularly some of the larval stages, retain their ability to survive anaerobically but require the presence of oxygen for motility. Regardless of the type of oxygen requirement, all parasitic helminths examined are dramatically different from their mammalian hosts in regard to their energy metabolisms. Many similar adaptations have been shown to occur in nonparasitic organisms ranging from metazoans, through fish and mammals. There is much room for additional studies of these biochemical adaptations.

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Section: Helminths That Require O2 For Energy Generationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Energy Metabolisms of Parasitic Helminths: Adaptations to Parasitism

Saz¹

1981

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

157

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“…Either there are changes in cell permeability to these two compounds, or the necessary enzyme systems for their utilization develop in mouse embryos between the two-cell and eight-cell stage. The appearance of new enzyme systems during early development has been demonstrated in Arbacia, Fundulus, and Ascaris (Moore and Villee, 1963;Wilde and Crawford, 1963;Oya, Costello and Smith, 1963).…”

Section: Possible Energy Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the development of mouse embyros in vitro. II. The effect of energy source

Brinster

1965

J. Exp. Zool.

272

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The effect of various possible energy sources on the development in vitro of two-cell mouse ova into blastocysts was examined. Energy for development of two-cell mouse ova could be supplied by lactate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or phosphoenolpyruvate. Compounds such as glucose, fructose, ribose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1, 6-phosphate, acetate, citrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate could not provide energy for development of two-cell mouse ova. The optimum concentrations at pH 7.38 for those compounds which would supply energy was 5.00 x M pyruvate, 3.16 X loW4 M oxaloacetate, and 1.00 x 10-2 M phosphoenolpyruvate.The possibility that interactions existed between the effects of osmolarity, pH, and energy source was examined in several experiments. There was no interaction between the effects of osmolarity and pH or osmolarity and the four possible energy sources. However, there was a significant interaction between energy source and pH. The result of this is that an increase in pH of the medium results in an increase in the optimum concentration of the compound supplying energy to the developing ova.M lactate, 3.16 X The relative importance of various energy sources to the early mammalian embryo has received little attention. In the past, media used to cultivate rabbit embryos in vitro have in most cases contained 50% or more serum (Austin, '61). This makes the determination of the compounds supplying energy impossible. In contrast, mouse embryos from the eightcell stage to the blastocyst have been cultivated in relatively simple salt solutions supplemented with protein and glucose (Hammond, '49; Whitten, '56). In 1957 Whitten reported that the energy for development of eight-cell mouse ova to blastocysts could be supplied by glucose or mannose, but could not be supplied by fructose, galactose, maltose, or lactose. Similarly, energy could be supplied by lactate, pyruvate or malate, but could not be supplied by acetate, propionate, citrate, glycerol or glycine. Unfortunately, details of the exact experimenttal procedures were not presented. Whitten ('57) was also able to obtain the development of some late two-cell mouse ova into blastocysts in a medium containing lactate.The recent development of a method to cultivate early cleavage stages of the mouse ovum completely in vitro and the ability of the method to produce quantitative results, allows critical examination of J. EXP. ZOOL., 158: 59-68. possible energy sources of early mammalian embryos (Brinster, '63). A number of possible energy sources were examined for their ability to support the development of two-cell mouse embryos in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe general experimental procedures for obtaining two-cell ova, culturing the ova, measuring the response of the ova and statistical treatment of the resuIts have been described previously (Brinster, '63, '65; Biggers and Brinster, '65). In all experiments the experimental unit was a single drop and each drop contained 12 two-cell ova at the start of the experiment. In p...

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“…Contrary to the unembryonated eggs, the second stage larvae, which have the ability to respire, depend upon the cytochrome oxidase. Oya et al (1963) studied the activity of cytochrome oxidase during development in Ascaris eggs. They indicated that the oxidase activity increased suddenly at the same time in agreement with the period of second stage larvae formation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%