The community impacts of different types of visitors: an empirical investigation of tourism in North-west Queensland

Stoeckl, Natalie; Greiner, Romy; Mayocchi, C.L.

doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.07.011

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This usefulness underlies the recent growth in assessments of the expenditure of visitors to National Parks in Australia (Carlsen, 1997;Driml, 1998;Economics and Regulatory Reform (Carlsen and Wood, 2004;Wood and Dowling, 2002) Unit , 1999Ward, 1999;Pearson et al, 2000;Carlsen and Wood, 2004;Stoeckl et al, 2006; and other countries (Fesenmaier et al, 1989;Xue et al, 2000;Nayak, 2001;Eagles, 2002;Lee and Han, 2002;Saayman and Saayman, 2006). For instance, Stoeckl et al (2005) found that visitors who interacted with dolphins in Monkey Mia, Western Australia, contributed between $4.2 million and $8.8 million per annum in direct expenditure to the local economy, while visitors who participated in whale watching in Hervey Bay, Queensland, contributed between $6.5 million and $11.5 million per annum.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, both IO multipliers and CGE methods require economic data sets that are not available for the Ningaloo Coast region. Regional locations are generally heavily reliant on imports and consequently have very small multipliers due to this high level of leakage (Stoeckl et al, 2005(Stoeckl et al, , 2006. Rather than using estimates to generate IO tables (a pre-condition of CGE analysis), a number of studies have chosen to limit their analyses to direct visitor expenditure in the region, citing the absence of IO tables and their small value in regional locations (Carlsen and Wood, 2004;Stoeckl et al, 2005Stoeckl et al, , 2006.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regional locations are generally heavily reliant on imports and consequently have very small multipliers due to this high level of leakage (Stoeckl et al, 2005(Stoeckl et al, , 2006. Rather than using estimates to generate IO tables (a pre-condition of CGE analysis), a number of studies have chosen to limit their analyses to direct visitor expenditure in the region, citing the absence of IO tables and their small value in regional locations (Carlsen and Wood, 2004;Stoeckl et al, 2005Stoeckl et al, , 2006. Given these considerations, this study does not employ multipliers, and our expenditure fi gures should therefore be seen as a conservative indicator of the value of the whale shark tourism industry to the regional economy.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo coast region

Catlin

Jones

Norman

et al. 2009

Journal of Tourism Research

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In this paper, we examine the expenditure of whale shark tour participants at Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia; the location of the world's fi rst whale shark tourism industry, established in 1989. We demonstrate that in 2006, participants' expenditure in the region was $894 per trip, total expenditure was $6.0 million (all fi gures are in Australian dollars), and between $2.4 and $4.6 million would have been lost to the region if whale shark tourism did not exist. Our measure of participants' expenditure is substantially lower than the calculation of $2370 per participant from a previous study of whale shark tourists using data collected in 1995. We argue that this is consistent with a change in the types of wildlife tourists that participate in an activity as the industry reaches the point of consolidation. Our results also suggest that using old data to forecast wildlife tourists' expenditure needs to take into account the industry' 1 In addition to attracting local and international visitors and making a contribution to the regional economy, it also fi ts within the category of 'iconic' tourism (Stoeckl et al., 2005), providing the region with a recognisable brand and point of difference from its competitors. Previous research on whale shark tourism valued the expenditure of whale shark tourists in the region at $4.7 million (Davis et al., 1997). 2 However, the Davis et al. study was conducted in 1995, only six years after the fi rst whale shark tours, when the industry was in its infancy.In this paper, we discuss and assess changes to whale shark tourism since 1995, focusing on the local economic impact of whale shark tourists' expenditure. This paper consists of fi ve sections. The fi rst section provides a brief description and history of tourism of the Ningaloo Coast and the Ningaloo whale shark tourism industry. The second section reviews the literature, analysing the economic impact 5 Although reliable statistics are not available for the early 1990s, it is widely regarded by researchers and the local tourism industry that visitor numbers have increased markedly since the early 1990s. Over this period, there has been a marked change in the nature of tourism in the region. From 1989 to 1991, fi shing was the most popular activity on the Ningaloo Coast for 70% of visitors (Wood and Dowling, 2002), while in 2003, it was most popular for only 10% of visitors (Carlsen and Wood, 2004). In a related trend, the origin of visitors has changed from being overwhelmingly from Western Australia to now include a high proportion from other countries and more from other states (see Table 1). Impact of Whale Shark Tourist Expenditure in the Ningaloo Coast RegionCarlsen and Woods' (2004) analysis of expenditure patterns on the Ningaloo Coast found that the expenditure of visitors correlated positively with their participation in high-cost activities, and correlated negatively with their age. Visitor expenditure also correlated positively with increasingly expensive accommodation categories, 6 and that ex...

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo coast region

Catlin

Jones

Norman

et al. 2009

Journal of Tourism Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most tourism research focuses on the effects of tourism on host societies and the response of host societies to the impact of tourism (Smith, 1989;Kuvan and Akan, 2005;Stoeckl et al, 2006;Dyer et al, 2007). Much is also written on what motivates people to travel, and a number of typologies have been developed for understanding the tourist subjective experience (e.g.…”

Section: The Impact Of Vacation Travel On the Tourist: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into the impact of vacation travel on the tourist

Alexander

Bakir

Wickens

2010

Journal of Tourism Research

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This paper explored the impact of vacation travel on the 'self' using a questionnaire survey and interviews. Vacation travel emerged as a form of learning about the self, a journey of self-discovery rather than self-recovery. Travel impacts are predominantly self-centered, producing changes that provide opportunities for personal growth. Experiences leading to these changes are mainly infl uenced by interactions with the 'other'. Importantly, no signifi cant association was found between personality type and being impacted, and no difference was found between a pleasurable and a miserable experience and being impacted. Both fi ndings offer a contribution to knowledge and a platform for further research.

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“…Although there is extensive research on tourist behavior in the case of a mass tourism destination, the majority of these studies are focused either on tourist motivation (Bogari, Crowther, & Marr, 2004;Correia & Crouch, 2004;Crompton, 1979;Dann, 1981;Kozak, 2002), tourist satisfaction (Akama, & Kieti, 2003;Dunn & Iso-Ahola, 1991;Fallon & Schofield, 2004;Kozak, 2001;Kozak & Rimmington, 2000;Tribe & Snaith, 1998), or on the economic, environmental, and sociocultural impacts of mass tourism to the host communities (Flognfeldt, 1999;Murphy & Williams, 1999;Stoeckl, Greiner, & Mayyocchi, 2006;Taylor, Fletcher, & Clabaugh, 1993). As a result, it is not yet well documented whether mass tourists prefer activities other than those associated with the 4S offerings (sun, sea, sand, and sex).…”

Section: Andriotis Agiomirgianakis and Mihiotismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tourist Vacation Preferences: The Case of Mass Tourists to Crete

Andriotis¹,

Agiomirgianakis²,

Mihiotis³

2007

Tourism Analysis

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Tourists during their vacations participate in a variety of activities. These activities range from active to passive ones and they may depend on various factors, including travel arrangement and sociodemographic characteristics. The aim of this article is to provide guidelines to Cretan destination managers for supplying well diversified tourist products that could satisfy particular requirements of tourists by examining tourist vacation preferences and identifying whether certain factors can influence tourists' preferences. The findings suggest that tourists visiting Crete prefer passive activities, and that the three main factors that influence tourists' activities are nationality, age, and season of visit. Despite the limitations of the study, it is evident that various policies are required by Cretan destination managers in order to provide activities directed to satisfy tourists' demand. These policies are discussed in relation to Crete's brand identity.

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The community impacts of different types of visitors: an empirical investigation of tourism in North-west Queensland

Cited by 36 publications

References 21 publications

Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo coast region

Consolidation in a wildlife tourism industry: the changing impact of whale shark tourist expenditure in the Ningaloo coast region

An investigation into the impact of vacation travel on the tourist

Tourist Vacation Preferences: The Case of Mass Tourists to Crete

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